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COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 



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HOME STUDY COURSE 




IN 



OSTEOPATHY 



PART FIRST 

Comprising Lessons I and II 



Copyright, 1902, 

By The Columbia College of Osteopathy, 

Chicago, III. 



ISSUED BY 

The Columbia College of Osteopathy 

8031 AUDITORIUM BUILDING 

Chicago, III., U. S. A. 



THF: L SBFtAWY Of 
GONG«£$S, 

Two COPita t^l£CEIVE:& 

COPY B. 



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CONTENTS 



Introduction 3 

LESSON I 

The Theory of Osteopathy 5 

Basic Principles of Osteopathy 8 

Points on Practice 10 

Spinal Centres 11 

lycsion Table 13 

LESSON II 

Movements and Manipulations 14 

Rotation 14 

Flexion and Extension 15 

Separating and Closing 16 

Joint Stretching 16 

Kneading , _.^o c 16 

Rubbing 18 

Percussion , 18 

Vibration 18 

Stroking 19 

Nerve Pressure 20 

Freeing Pneumo- Gastric Nerve 20 

Pressure on Phrenic Nerve 20 

Pressure on Vaso-Motor Nerve 21 

Spinal Treatment 21 

Extension of Spine 21 

Neck Treatment 21 

Expanding the Chest 21 

Osteopathic Dysentery Movement 22 

Adjusting Ribs 22 

Osteopathic General Treatment 24 

Quiz,..,,..,.......... ,,.,,..,,,,,.. 3t 



\ ■■'■■■■ 

K 

N 

'INTRODUCTION TO PART FIRST 

^ (Comprising Lessons I and II) 



In this part of our course we present to the student the 
theory and practical principles of Osteopathy. We have en- 
deavored, so far as was possible, to make the instruction prac- 
tical and to the point, and have not wasted words in elaborat- 
ing theories or describing the several methods, movements and 
forms of Osteopathic Theatment, but have, on the contrary, 
aimed to state everything clearly, forcibly and practically, so 
as to lose no time in getting to the point. 

We have omitted, so far as was possible, all technical terms 
and expressions, and have always used the common and gen- 
erally understood term in preference to the technical one. 

We have endeavored to give the student specific directions 
for the various procedures recommended, with the reason for 
each, but have wished to avoid taking him into the maze of 
theory and speculation. We have given him in a few words 
the theory underlying Osteopathy, eliminating the vague gen- 
eralities and the speculative vagaries of many writers upon 
the subject. 

We might easily have padded out the instruction given 
herein so that it would have occupied a space at least five times 
as large as that occupied by what we have written, but we be- 
lieve that the intelligent student, wishing to be told how to do 
things in as short a time and in as practical a manner as pos- 
sible, has no time to waste in hunting the kernel of wheat in 
the bushel of chaff. 

We recommend that the student go over the various move- 
ments and motions very carefully, thoroughly acquainting him- 
self with them, and then proceed to put into practice his in- 
structions, using some friend or relative upon whom to ex- 
periment. There is nothing like getting to work and doing 
things. An hour's practice will be of more benefit than days 
of reading. It not only is more practical, but serves to fix 
firmly in the student's mind the principles which he ha§ just 
gtudiecj* 



POBlerior view ot 
femur, Bhowing 
the ridReB, ae- 
prcBBions, ana 
openings. 





Atlas and Axis in position.^ 10, projection 
of axis, paRsini? through the atlaSj. "upon ' 
wlikk.ttie skull rests. 



Fia. 2.— >Thb Sz£LEtas» 



VlSW OF Knee-joiwt. 
A, Thigh bone ; B, Knee-pan j 
C. D, leg Bonesi. 




TOfii ATWMS. 



LESSON 1 



THE, THEORY OF OSTEOPATHY 

Osteopathy is a system, method or science of healing dis- 
ease without the use of drugs or medicines of any kind. It is 
based upon the proven laws of Anatomy and Physiology, and 
comprises a scientific and thorough knowledge of the structure 
and functions of the human mechanism. Our students are 
taught to understand and apply certain organic laws and nat- 
ural remedial resources, within the human organism itself, and 
by means of scientific manipulation and adjustment assist 
Nature, in harmonious accord with its own mechanical prin- 
ciples, activities and processes, to recover from displacements, 
derangements, obstructions and pressures, and to regain its 
normal equilibrium of form, action and function, thus restor- 
ing to the patient normal Health and Strength. 

Osteopathy holds to the theory that the body is a delicate 
mechanism, subject to the same laws of mechanics as those 
which regulate all mechanical structures in their construction, 
arrangement, position and operation. That to have perfect 
action in any machine, each and every part of it must be ex- 
actly in place and entirely free from obstruction. That any 
mlachine subject to great strains or shocks, such as the human 
body sustains from accidents, overwork, sudden atmospheric 
changes, bad surroundings, etc., can be so racked by these 
agents that some of its parts will be misplaced or dislocated 
and its normal action perverted or entirely destroyed. That 
the condition of the human body which we term Disease is due 
entirely to obstruction of or pressure on some of the arteries, 
veins, nerves or ducts of the body, from the action of which 
we obtain motion, sensation, digestion, assimilation, nutrition 
and egestion. That a removal of this obstruction or pressure 
will restore the circulation of the blood and other fluids of the 
body and bring about a condition of Ease, Strength and Health. 

The aim of our students is to restore to normal action and 
function the organs and different parts of the body that have 
been manifesting along abnormal lines. The nerves, which 
have been likened to a great telegraphic system, passing 



6 Osteopathy. 

through, over, under and between the bones, muscles, liga- 
ments, arteries and veins, are extremely sensitive and liable 
to get out of order. Our student, like the skilled lineman, first 
finds out where the wires are crossed or interfered with, and 
starts in to adjust them. He extends the contracted muscle 
or reduces the slight dislocation which has caused a pressure 
upon the nerve and has shut off its current, and by so doing 
he restores the line to working order and gives the suffering 
organ or part the perfect service which it demands. He does 
all this by scientific and intelligent manipulation. No drugs 
are prescribed by the Osteopath. He does not need them. He 
has something better. 

The nerves convey sensations to and from the brain, and 
control the various functions of the body, and it is of the ut- 
most importance that they be kept free from interference and 
pressure. But the nerves themselves are dependent on the 
supply of blood, as is also every organ or part of the body. 
The blood is sent to all parts of the body through the arteries 
and brought back to the heart through the veins, the arteries 
and veins branching out through the intricate network of or- 
gans, muscles and nerves. A natural flow of blood means 
Health, while a local or general disturbance of the circula- 
tion causes Disease. If the circulation is any way obstructed 
the part which is thus deprived of its nourishment is soon 
weakened and becomes diseased. An obstructed artery may 
cause heart disease, and an obstructed vein may cause inflam- 
matory rheumatism, dropsy, erysipelas, varicose veins or even 
cancer. By our method of Osteopathic treatment the ob- 
struction is located and removed, the circulation stimulated, 
the parts nourished, and the impurities which have gathered 
are carried off. 

Our student adjusts into harmonious relation all the won- 
derful and intricate mechanism of the human body, thus giv- 
ing free circulation of the blood to and from the heart, freeing 
the nerve force, adjusting any parts of the framework which 
may have become displaced, building up the system, stimulat- 
ing and developing and thus effecting a cure. 

He accomplishes the desired result by an intelligent and 
scientific method of manipulation of the different parts of the 
body. By his manipulations he stimulates the several nerve 
centers of action, removes the pressure from the nerves all 
along the lines of their distribution, arouses nerve force, frees 
and equalizes the circulation of the blood and other fluids of 



Osteopathy. 7 

the body, and, in short, equalizes the forces in every tissue, 
muscle, organ, nerve and cell in the body and restores har- 
mony to every part of the system. If a muscle is contracted 
and tightens down on one or more nerves, trouble is sure to 
follow. If the ner\'e interfered with happens to be a sensory 
nerv^e, paralysis may ensue; if a sympathetic nerve, the nutri- 
tion is cut off; failure of any or all the various functions of 
the body is likely to occur. The only way to remedy the 
trouble and restore the normal workings of the different parts 
of this mighty machine is to go to the seat of the trouble, find 
and remove the obstruction and start the mechanism working 
without friction or jolting. With the obstructions to the free 
flow of the blood and other fluids removed, and the circula- 
tion restored through natural channels ; with the removal of 
any and all pressure upon nerve fibers; with the adjustment 
of any misplaced or shifted parts of the machinery; the sys- 
tem must right itself and health ensue. 

Every bone, ever}- drop of blood, everv' nerve, ligament 
and muscle, however small and seemingly useless, has a dis- 
tinct and positive work to perform, and in a normal condition 
it will unerringly perform that work. The human body is 
perfect in its plan and action, and disease is impossible except 
under abnormal conditions. Osteopathy teaches how to rem- 
edy the abnormal conditions and to again start this intricate 
machine running smoothly, with its parts all nicely adjusted, 
its bearings free from friction and every detail in perfect har- 
mony with the whole. 

Osteopathy goes to the root of disease, the prime cause of 
the disorder, and as many of the so-called varieties of dis- 
ease have one common origin, there are practically no diseases 
but are materially benefited or entirely cured by this form of 
treatment. In fact, many diseases will yield to no other form of 
treatment. The best results of Osteopathic treatment are. of 
course, obtained in cases of disease resulting from an abnormal 
condition of the machinery of the body, the nerves, blood ves- 
sels and fluids of the system, which effects are, almost with- 
out exception, caused by partial or complete displacement of 
bones, muscles, tissues, etc. Chronic cases, which are the de- 
spair of the drug-giving physician, are those in which the 
Osteopath makes his m.ost remarkable cures, and, naturally, he 
prefers to treat such cases. 

The discoverer of Osteopathy, Dr. A. T. Still, inclined to 
the theor}' that the majority of diseases were caused by dislo- 



8 Osteopathy. 

cated bones, and he consequently named the new science "Oste- 
opathy," from the Greek roots ''osteon" (bone) and ''pathos" 
(suffering). This name has been adhered to by his follow- 
ers, notwithstanding the fact that the advancements in the 
science have shown that the real Osteopathic treatment con- 
sists principally in a treatment of the nerves, and, strictly 
speaking, the term "Neuropathy" would be far more appro- 
priate, although the original name will probably be always 
adhered to, as the public have become accustomed to it, and a 
change of names at this time would create confusion. 

We are inclined to the theory that there are but compara- 
tively few cases of dislocation, and are convinced that in many 
cases the dislocated bone is but a contracted muscle, which is 
readily relieved by manipulation, the operator and patient both 
believing that a bone was dislocated and had been "set" by the 
Osteopath. 

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF OSTEOPATHY 

1. That Health and Normal Function depend upon the 
blood and nerve supply to the tissues. 

2. That impaired structure or function of an organ causes 
pain to be manifested when a pressure is exerted upon or 
over the organ. That the nerves supplying the organ with 
its nerve current will also manifest a sensitiveness to the touch, 
as does the organ itself, consequently a sensitiveness along the 
course of the nerves supplying any organ is an evidence of ab- 
normal conditions existing in the organ itself. 

3. An interference with a nerve, or an irritation to the 
same, will affect the functions of the organ supplied by that 
particular nerve, causing it to function abnormally. 

4. Alternate pressure along the course of a nerve will 
stimulate the organ supplied by that nerve. Steady pressure 
upon a nerve will inhibit the action of the organ supplied by 
that nerve. 

5. That stimulation or inhibition of a nerve is most easily 
accomplished at its periphery, or at the point of its emergence 
from the spinal cord. 

6. The only rational method of treatment of disease is 
that which removes the cause by removing physical obstruc- 
tions, by stimulating or inhibiting functional activity, by re- 
storing the normal condition of nerve current and blood supply 
to every organ in the body. 

7. That an equalized circulation of the blood and freed 
nerve-current spells H-e-a-l-t-h. 



Osteopathy. 




Fig. 75. 
Vertical section of body, showing sympathetic nerves and ganglia of right aide, 
and their connection with the cerebro-spinal nerves. — Cerebrospinal system: 
CN, cervical nerves ; B, nerves distributed to the arm ; DN, dorsal nerves ; 
SN, sacral nerves, some of which are distributed to the leg; PN, pneumogas- 
tric nerve. JSympathtlic sijstcfn . 1', plexus in the head ; PP, pharyngeal plexus ; 
CP, cardiac ple-xus , OP, oesophageal plexus; SoP, solar plexus; AP, aortic 
plexus, MP, uieseiiteric plexuf •, SP, sacral plexus; G, some of the ganglia ol 
the sympatbetic system. 



POINTS ON PRACTICE, 

(a) The Spinal Cord is the keyboard of a piano to the 
Osteopath. You will see by reference to our lesson on the 
Nervous System that the Spinal Column is the great cable 
from which branch out the spinal nerves which supply the 
nerve-current to each organ and part of the body. These 
spinal nerves escape from the Spinal Cord through openings 
along the length of the Spinal Column, and are often bound 
up, unduly pressed and interfered with by the muscles around 
the spine, and the nerve current to some part of the body is 
thereby reduced or shut off, causing pain and disease in some 
part or organ of the body supplied by that nerve, although 
that part or organ may be very far removed from the point 
at which the pressure or interference occurs. By proper manip- 
ulation and movements the obstruction is removed, the current 
turned on once more and normal conditions restored. 

(b) The circulation of blood to and from the head is often 
found to be interfered with by a pressure or contraction of the 
muscles of the neck, and the interference often manifests itself 
in the shape of deafness, impaired sight, catarrh and other dis- 
orders of the sight, hearing and smell, and also in dizziness, 
headaches, etc., etc. By proper manipulation of the neck 
normal conditions are restored. 

(c) Interferences with the circulation and nerve-current are 
often removed by the free movement and manipulation of the 
legs and arms, which frees and softens up the muscles and re- 
leases the obstructed circulation and nerve-current and allows 
Nature to restore normal conditions. 

(d) It is often found that contracted muscles are draw- 
ing in the ribs and exerting an undue pressure upon some of 
the organs of the body. This condition can frequently be re- 
lieved by the simple treatment which we have described as 
''Chest Expansion" (see lesson on Movements), the principle 
of which is that the expansion is best given with the arms high 
above the head, and the knee of the operator pressed upon the 
spine, just below the shoulder blades, which treatment stretches 
the contracted chest muscles and springs the ribs into place. 

(e) The Great Osteopathic Dysentery Treatment (see 
lesson), which consists in pressing your knee against the p^r 



Osteopathy. 1 1 

tient's spine, just below the last rib, at the same time bending 
the patient backward, will remove the trouble almost instantly. 
The theory of this treatment is fully set forth in the lesson 
treating of this class of troubles. 

(f) Osteopathy has discovered a method of reducing 
fevers and slowing down the heart's action in a very short 
time. It is most simple and consists of a pressure on the vaso- 
motor center, at the base of the brain, on the back of the neck, 
just over the upper cervical vertebrae. 



SPINAL CENTRES 

The following table of centres for Osteopathic Spinal 
Treatment will prove interesting and instructive to the student. 
When a muscular contraction is found at one or more points 
along the length of the Spinal Column, it will be found that a 
pressure is exerted upon the nerve emerging at that point, and 
a corresponding trouble is manifested in the organs supplied by 
that particular nerve or nerves. The proper manipulation will 
relieve the trouble. 

The sensory nerve supply to the several parts and organs 
are as follows: 

First, second and third Dorsal — Heart. 

First, second, third, fourth and fifth Dorsal — Lungs. 

Sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth Dorsal — Stomach. 

Ninth, tenth, eleventh and twelfth Dorsal — Intestines down 
to upper part of rectum. 

Second, third and fourth Sacral — Rectum. 

Seventh, eighth, ninth and tenth Dorsal — Liver and Gall 
Bladder. 

Tenth, eleventh and twelfth Dorsal — Kidney and Ureter. 

Second, third and fourth Sacral — Neck of Bladder. 

Eleventh and twelfth Dorsal, and first Lumbar — Over-dis- 
tension and ineffectual contraction of Bladder. 

Tenth, eleventh and twelfth Dorsal, and first, second, third 
and fifth Lumbar — Prostate. 

Tenth Dorsal — Testis, or Ovary. 

Eleventh and twelfth Dorsal — Appendages, etc. 

Tenth, eleventh and twelfth Dorsal, and first Lumbar — 
Uterus (in contraction). 

First, segpnd, third and fourth Sacral — O? Uteri, 



12 



Osteopathy, 




Coccyx 



The brain and spinal col- 
umn with vertebrae 
classified. 



Fig. 66 

Posterior view of the spinal cord, — a portion of the cerebrum and cerebellum, 
and some of the nerves of the cerebro-spinal system. On the left side of the 
body some of the tissues are removed to show the deeper nerves, while the 
right side shows certain superficial ones. — CE, cerebrum; CER, cerebellum; 
B, nerves distributed to the arm; SC, spinal cord; SN, sciati;^ nerve. 



LESION TABLE. 



WHERE TO LOOK FOR LESIONS 

If there seems to be trouble in any particular organ or part, 
look carefully for lesions in the corresponding centre on the 
spinal column, as per following table. If a lesion is found at 
the nerve centre of an organ, you may rest assured that there 
is a manifestation of disease in that particular organ. In case 
of trouble in any of the following organs or parts, examine 
the spine for lesions at the following points : 

Pharynx, Larynx and Tonsils — Second and third Cervical. 

Thyroid Gland — Fifth, sixth and seventh Cervical and first 
Dorsal. 

Arm — Fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth Cervical and first 
Dorsal. 

Lungs and Bronchi — Second to eighth Dorsal. 

Heart — Second to fifth Dorsal; also middle of Cervical 
region. 

Stomach — Third to eighth Dorsal. 

Liver — Ninth and tenth Dorsal. 

Spleen — Eighth to eleventh Dorsal. 

Duodenum — Sixth to tenth Dorsal. 

Jepunum and Ileum — Lower Dorsal and Lumbar. 

Colon — Second to fifth Lumbar. 

Rectum — Second to fifth Lumbar; Sacral; also third and 
fourth Dorsal. 

Uterus — Second to fifth Lumbar ; ninth and tenth Dorsal. 

Genitals, generally — Second to fifth Lumbar. 

Bladder — Second, third and fourth Sacral. 

Sphincter Ani — Fifth Sacral. 

You will understand that not only does a lesion of a centre 
produce disease in the organ supplied by it, but also a diseased 
condition of an organ will manifest itself in a tenderness at its 
spinal nerve centres. 



LESSON II 




Treatment for 

Dislocation of 

Atlas. 




Kneading the Back. 



MOVEMENTS AND MANIPULATIONS 

There are several forms of Osteopathic treatment generally 
known as '^Movements." They have a most important physio- 
logical and therapeutic effect. The venous and lymphatic 
circulation is materially affected by these Movements, and a 
corresponding therapeutic effect is thereby obtained. Oste- 
opathic Movements are of two general classes: Active and 
Passive. Active Movements are produced by the efforts of 
both; the operator moves the body or limb, and the patient 
exerts a resistive effort; in others the patient moves his body 
or limb, and the operator exerts the resistive effort. The prin- 
ciple is the same in both cases, the details differing because of 
convenience of handling, etc. * 

Passive Movements are produced simply by the efforts of 
the operator, without any assistance or resistance on the part 
of the patient. The patient is perfectly passive and simply 
allows the operator to make the Movements. 

Osteopathic Movements are several in number, each partic- 
ular form being capable of manifestation by Active or Passive 
effort. The movements are known as : Rotation, Flexion and 
Extension, Separating and Closing, Joint Stretching. The 
name of each Movement will suggest its application, but, in 
order that the student may readily understand each Movement, 
we will give a short description of the various applications of 
each particular movement. 

ROTATION 



Rotation of the Foot. — With the patient lying on his 
back, take his heel in your left hand, and his toes in your right, 
and make a rotary movement from the ankle, pressing the foot 
forward. Repeat several times. (Passive.) 

Rotation of the Legs. — The patient on his back, place 
one hand on the sole of his foot, the other under his knee, 
raise the leg and rotate the leg from the hip, outward. Repeat 
Breast Manipulation, scvcral timcs. (Passivc or Active.) 




14 



Osteopathy. 



IS 



Rotation of the Arms. — The patient sitting, grasp the 
arm below the elbows and rotate outward. Repeat several 
times. (Passive or Active.) 

Rotation of the Shoulder. — The patient sitting, place 
one hand on the shoulder and the other under the elbow, and 
rotate. Repeat several times. (Passive.) 

Rotation of the Hand. — The patient sitting, take his 
hand in one of yours, and with your other hand grasp his 
wrist and rotate from side to side. Repeat several times. 
(Passive.) 

Rotation of the Head. — The patient lying on his back, 
stand at his head, and place one hand on his forehead, the 
other under his neck, and rotate the head slowly from side to 
side. Repeat several times. (Passive.) 

Rotation of the Body. — The patient sitting with hands 
on hips, stand behind him and place your right hand on his 
right shoulder-blade and your left on the left side of his 
chest. Rotate by pushing his right side forward with your 
right hand and drawing his left side backward with your left 
hand. Then reverse the position of the hands and rotate in an 
opposite direction. Repeat several times. (Passive.) 

Rotation of the Pelvis. — The patient on his back and 
holding on to the table, grasp his feet and rotate his legs in 
such a manner as to describe a circle large enough to bring 
the pelvis into action. Repeat several times. (Passive.) 

FLEXION AND EXTENSION 

Flexion and Extension of the Foot. — The patient on 
his back, take his toes in one hand and his ankle in the other. 
iSove the foot backward and forward. If you prefer operate 
on both feet at the same time. Repeat several times. (Passive 
or Active.) 

Flexion and Extension of the Leg. — The patient on his 
back, place one hand on the knee, the other under the sole of 
the foot, and move the leg up and down, flexing it against the 
chest. Repeat several times. (Active.) 

Flexion and Extension of the Arms. — The patient sit- 
ting, stand behind him and grasp his wrists, he keeping his 
elbows close to his body. Move his arms up and down. Re- 
peat several times.*^ (Active.) 

Flexion and Extension of the Hand. — The patient sit- 
ting, grasp his wrist with one of your hands and hold his 




Kneading Forearm. 



— :^V- 




Breast Manipulation. 




Kneading Abdominal 
Muscle. 




Kneading the Neck. 




i6 



Osteopathy. 




Wringing Move- 
ment. 




Kneading Arm. 



fingers in your other hand, and move the hand up and down. 
Repeat several times. (Passive or Active.) 

SEPARATING AND CLOSING 

Separating and Closing the Arms. — The patient sitting 
with arms extended to the front, take hold of his wrists and 
separate and close his arms. Repeat several times. (Active.) 

Separating and Closing the Legs. — The patient on his 
back, take hold of his ankles, underneath, and s'eparate and 
close his legs. Repeat several times. (Active.) 

Separating and Closing the Knees. — The patient on his 
back, stand at his side and placing one hand on each knee, 
separate and close. (Active.) 

JOINT STRETCHING 

Stretching the Arm and Spioulder Joints. — The pa- 
tient on his back, with head and shoulders raised on pillow, 
and arms extended over his head, stand at his head and take 
his hands in yours, passing your thumb between his thumb 
and forefinger, letting your fingers pass around the fleshy part 
of his thumb and back of his hand. Make several vigorous 
elastic pulls, avoiding sudden jerks. Make the pulls gradual, 
then withdraw the force suddenly. Repeat several times. 

Stretching the Leg Joints. — The patient on his back, 
take his ankles in your hands and pull straight down. Gently, 
but firmly. (Repeat several times.) 

Stretching Toe and Finger Joints. — Take each toe or 
finger separately and pull slowly and gradually, releasing the 
pressure suddenly. 

KNEADING 

This is a leading method of Osteopathic treatment, and 
one frequently employed. It consists of compression of the 
tissues and muscles by grasping them or by pressing them 
against underlying bony surfaces. It differs from Osteopathic 
Rubbing in as much as the hand is not allowed to move along 
the surface of the skin, but is held firmly on the parts. We 
separate the different forms of Manipulation into three gen- 
eral classes : Superficial, Digital and Palmar. 

Surface Kneading is practically an intelligent form of 
pinching movement, and acts solely upon the skin and the 
tissues immediately underlying it. The skin is gently but 
Kneading Abdomen. ' firmly gfaspcd between the thumb and forefinger, and lifted 




Kneading the Glutei. 




Kneading Abdo- 
men. 




Osteopathy, 



17 




Surface Kneading. 




Kneading Back. 



from the bone or muscle, then released the moment the strain 
is greatest. The two hands are alternately used, the one pick- 
ing up the skin as the other drops it, the surface being 
gone over in a systematic manner. This form of Manipula- 
tion is most valuable in emptying and refilling the blood ves- 
sels and lymph spaces and channels, and is quite stimulating. 
It k especially useful in affections of the skin. 

Palmar Kneading is intended to act upon the muscles. It 
is akin to the movement of the hand of the baker as he kneads 
his dough. The operator grasps the muscle with the palm 
of his hand, keeping the fingers close together, the thumbs 
out. The thumb is not used, the muscle being grasped between 
the fingers and the palm of the hand, the heel of the hand, or 
the lower fleshy part of the thumb. Do not allow the skin to 
slip, but maintain a firm grasp. Manipulate deeply so as to 
reach the deeper parts. The muscle should be compressed by 
the hand and at the same time gently lifted from the bone or 
underlying tissues, rolled and stretched. When the strain 
is greatest, release so as to stimulate. Work slowly and care- 
fully, repeating the manipulations according to the require- 
ments of the case, and the state of the patient. In the be- 
ginning, do not exert much force, but later on increase the 
force as the patient becomes accustomed to it. Try to in- 
dividualize groups of muscles, as the best results are thus 
obtained. In Palmar Manipulation, use the hands alternately. ^ 
In some cases it is also desirable to use a rolling movement, the Kneading the Hand, 
heel of the hand and the fleshy part of the thumb being pressed 
upon the muscle, which is then rolled to and fro, the fingers 
not being used. Use one or both hands. This rolling move- 
ment is especially useful in manipulating the upper part of the 
back, the hips, arms and legs. In manipulating the legs or 
arms, a wringing movement may be used occasionally, the 
movement resembling the motions of a woman's hands when 
she is wringing out a thick garment. In some cases deep Kneading the N^ck. 
kneading with the heel of the hand is preferable to the use 
of both palm and fingers, especially in manipulating the back, 
chest and abdomen. The operator must use his own good 
judgment in such cases, ascertaining which method gives the 
most relief. The different modes of administering Palmar 
Manipulation may be varied, alternated or combined. The stu- (^ 
dent should thoroughly acquaint himself with the several meth- ^-^ / - 

ods above mentioned, and should practice them on himself and ^^ 

his friends until he is proficient. Roiling Movement, 






i8 



Osteopathy. 




Digital Kneading. 




Beating Movement. 




Chopping Move- 
ment. 



Digital Kneading is effected by grasping the tissue between 
the ends of the fingers and thumb, and then rubbing the tissue 
against the bone. Either the end of one finger or of several 
may be used in connection with the thumb. This form of 
Manipulation is used principally in manipulation of the spine, 
joints, head, face and abdomen. 

RUBBING 

We advocate the use of Rubbing, in connection with other 
Osteopathic treatment. The palm of the hand and the lower 
part of the fingers should be used, the tips of the fingers and 
the thumb being turned back. It is beneficial in stimulating 
tKe parts, and promoting the flow of the blood and lymph. 

PERCUSSION 

Percussion is another form of administering Osteopathic 
treatment. It consists of administering blows to dififerent parts 
of the body, with varying degrees of force. The wrist should 
be flexible and loose, as a stiff wrist gives a blow such as is 
used in fighting. The blow should be elastic and springy, 
which although penetrating deeply, does not injure the surface. 
Percussion can be given by several methods, which we will 
not briefly describe. The first method is by striking the body 
with the inside flat surface of the half-closed fist, the heel of the 
hand and the closed ends of the fingers coming in contact with 
the flesh. The second method is a chopping movement, made 
with the little finger side of the hand. The hand is likened 
to a butcher's cleaver in this chopping movement. The fingers 
are held loosely apart, coming together when the blow is 
struck. The third method is a slapping movement, which is 
best comprehended by the position and movement of the 
mother administering a well-merited spanking to one of 
her brood. The fingers are held rigid, and the body slapped. 
The fourth method is a clapping movement, the hand being 
hollowed so as to emit a hollow sound ; just as one holds his 
hands in applauding at a theater or concert. The fifth method 
is a tapping movement, with the tips of the fingers, one or 
more fingers of one or both hands being used. Percussion 
in its different forms is a powerful stimulant to the nerve cen- 
ters. 

VIBRATION 



This is a most important form of Osteopathic treatment. 
Beating Sciatic Nerve, ^^i^^ is a Very powerful Stimulant. It consists of certain oscil- 




Slapping. 




Osteopathy. 



19 



latory movements, produced through a succession of rapid 
individual efforts of the operator's hand. There should be 
little or no perceptible strain upon the arm muscles of the 
operator. The palm of the hand or the fingers must be placed 
firmly upon the parts to be treated, the arm being held straight 
and a fine trembling or vibrating movement communi- 
cated to the hand by the muscles of the upper part 
of the arm,. The movement is somewhat difficult of ac- 
quirement, but practice will make perfect, and the student 
must persist in his practice until the desired movement is ac- 
quired, for this is one of the most stimulating and penetrating 
of all the methods of Osteopathic treatment, its effect being 
quite perceptible and almost akin to the effects of a current of 
electricity. It has a stimulating and strengthening effect upon 
the nerves, and acts strongly upon the venous circulation and 
upon the lymphatics. Be careful not to press upon the body 
with your wrist, as you should use no greater pressure than 
the weight of your hand. When properly administered by one 
hand on the breast, the vibrations should be distinctly felt by 
the other hand placed under the back of the patient. A useful 7 
method of practicing this valuable method of treatment is had 
by placing a goblet of water on the table and then placing the 
hand on the table and making the vibratory movement. If 
you have acquired the proper delicate vibratory motion, the 
water will merely quiver in the centre, and will not move from 
side to side. Practice this until you perfect it. Vibration 
using the fingers alone, is known as Digital Vibration: when' 
the palm of the hand is used it is known as Palmar Vibration : 
and another method in which the knuckles of the closed hand 
are used, is known as Knuckle Vibration. The principle is the 
same in all three forms, the particular method to be used being 
merely that which may seem best to the operator and best 
adapted to the shape and form of the particular part of the 
body being treated. 

STROKING 

This form of Osteopathic treatment is useful in producing 
sedative or quieting effects. It should be applied with a very 
light contact, the tips of the fingers, or the palm of the hand, 
just barely touching the patient. In some cases it will produce 
a feeling of drowsiness on the part of the patient, and is also 
very useful in relieving certain forms of nervous headache, and 
in affording relief from insomnia. Patients will frequently 



Digital Vibration. 




Digital Vibration. 




Deep Vibration. 




Vibration of 
iiver. 



20 



Osteopathy. 




stroking. 




Holding Vaso- 
Motor. 




Freeing Pneumo- 
Gastric. 




7 

Pressure Phrenic 
Nerve. 



drop off into a light doze during this form of treatment. It 
is used after the more vigorous forms of Osteopathic treat- 
ment, and never fails to quiet down the patient, equalize the 
circulation and relieve an excess of stimulation. Stroking 
should always be performed in a downward and outward 
direction, and in one direction only, not to-and-fro. The tips 
of one, more or all of the fingers, or the palmar surface of one 
or both hands, are moved gently over the skin, with a light 
contact, not even the mere weight of the hand being allowed 
to press upon the surface of the skin. Lightness, gentleness, 
and airiness are the words best describing the Stroking move- 
ment. The student should acquire this most important and 
effective movement. 

NERVE PRESSURE 

This form of treatment consists of a pressure upon a nerve 
at some point in its course. It is either stimulative or sedative, 
according to the manner of its application. The physiological 
effect of a sudden, light pressure upon a nerve, followed by an 
immediate withdrawal of the pressure, . repeated several times, 
is that of decided stimulation. On the other hand, a firm, 
steady, deep pressure desensitizes or deadens sensation, and if 
continued for some time will produce numbness.- Remember 
alternate pressure and relaxing stimulates ; firm, steady, contin- 
ued pressure desensitizes. We will frequently refer to these 
two forms of nerve pressure, so be sure to get them firmly 
fixed in your mind. The points at which the pressure is more 
frequently applied are the motor points lying near the surface, 
where the principal nerves are easily reached by pressure. 
The spinal nerves are treated by placing one finger on each 
side of the spinal column, and exerting a pressure at points on 
a line with the spaces between the vertebrae. 

FREEING THE PNEUMO-GASTRIC NERVE 

The patient on his back, place your hand under the chin, 
pull the head backward. Move from right to left, and manip- 
ulate deeply and firmly the lower part of the neck, on each side 
of the windpipe. This frees and stimulates the pneumo-gas- 
tric nerve, which largely influences the organs of digestion. 

PRESSURE ON THE PHRENIC NERVE 

Seat your patient on a stool or chair, standing behind him. 
Place the fingers of each hand upon the transverse processes 



Osteopathy. 



21 




Motor. 



of the third, fourth and fifth cervicals. Press the fingers for- 
ward and down in front of the transverse processes, and press 
upon the phrenic nerve, which controls the diaphragm^ 

PRESSURE ON THE VASO-MOTOR NERVE 

Place the fingers on each side of the back of the neck and -^ 
press with fingers on each side of the spine over the upper Holding vaso- 
cervicals (vaso-motor centre) for two or three minutes. This 
will slow the action of the heart. 

SPINAL TREATMENT 

The patient on his side, then using the palmar surface of 
the fingers and hand, manipulate along the right side of the 
spinal column, commencing at the first cervical, and moving 
down the entire length of the spine. Move the muscles up- 
ward and outward gently but firmly and with a deep pressure, 
paying special attention wherever you find a tender spot, a 
hot or cold spot, or a knotted condition of the muscles. Then 
turning him on his other side, treat the opposite side in the 
samfe manner. Take your time in giving this treatment. Avoid 
using the finger tips. 

EXTENSION OF THE SPINE 

The patient on his back, grasp his shoulders, your fingers 
under his armpits. An assistant holds the patient's ankles. 
The patient relaxes and you give a careful stretching or exten- 
sion of the spine, gentle but firm!, for about one minute. This 
frees the circulation of the spinal cord and relieves pressure 
upon the spinal nerves. 

NECK TREATMENT 




Spinal Extension. 



The patient lying on his back, stand at his head and place / 
one hand on his forehead, the other under his neck, and rotate 
the head slowly from* side to side. Then manipulate thor- 
oughly and deeply the muscles of the back, sides and front of 
the neck. Then place the hands in the first position, and give 
the neck a thorough extension or stretching, gently but firmly, 
being careful not to rotate the head. This treatment frees the 
circulation to the brain. 

EXPANDING THE CHEST 

Seat your patient on a stool or chair (if a chair, let him face 
its back) and stand behind him. Place your foot on the seat Exte'^ing Neck' 




22 



Osteopathy. 




Expanding Chest, 




Treat- 



of the chair, th'e tip of your toe being up against, or under, the 
body of the patient. Place your knee between the patient's 
shoulders, holding his wrists in each hand. Raise his arms 
(sideways) up and over his head, slowly but strongly, and 
press hard with your knee against his spine. Then maintain- 
ing the pressure of your knee, lower the arms with a back- 
ward motion. The patient should inhale, filling the lungs, 
while the arms are being raised; exhaling as the arms are 
lowered. 

THE GREAT OSTEOPATHIC DYSENTERY MOVE- 
MENT 

Seat your patient on a stool or chair (if a chair, let him 
face its back) and stand behind him. Place your foot on a 
round of the chair, grasp his shoulders, and press your knee 
firmly against his back, on the spinal columin, just below the 
last rib. Draw him back by the shoulders, gently but firmly. 
Take your time and do not be in a hurry. In giving the treat- 
ment have him relax all his muscles. If the patient is in bed, 
place one hand under each of his sides, placing your fingers 
on each side of his spine just below the last rib. Lift him up 
from the bed several inches, his weight resting on the ends of 
your fingers, his body from shoulders to pelvis forming an 
arch. 

ADJUSTING RIBS 

In our lesson on the Skeleton and Bones we have told you 
that the ribs form a bony cage, containing important organs. 
They are quite elastic, but have only a limited field of motion, 
and are rather easily forced into a strained and unnatural posi- 
tion. In many cases it will be found that the ribs on one side are 
slightly depressed, and those on the other side are slightly 
raised. This condition will, of course, produce abnormal re- 
sults, as the nerve-current and circulation will be affected, in 
all probability. 

Very fortunately, it is possible and comparatively easy to 
readjust these abnormal conditions, by replacing the ribs. 
There is a large muscle which covers the greater part of the 
breast (the pectoralis major, see lesson on the Muscles and 
accompanying cut), which is connected with the collarbone and 
the ribs, and also is connected by tendons with the Humerus 
(large upper arm bone) about three inches below the shoulder 
joint. Yoi; can feel the connection by raising your ^rrji ov^r 



Osteopathy. 



23 



your head and realizing the movement of your upper ribs. 
Our Chest Expansion Treatment is designed to release the 
ribs and restore normal conditions. 

The following movements are also useful in similar cases : 
Stand beside the patient and place one hand on each side 
of the thorax (the upper cavity of the trunk of the body), 
pressing the ribs forward and upward, holding them in posi- 
tion while the patient inflates his lungs. 

In some cases of Constipation we find the sixth or seventh 
ribs slightly contracted and turned to the side, and either the fS-\'//J'^ \ 
ribs or muscles exerting an undue pressure upon the Splanchnic Wl ^ 
nerves, which affect the digestive organs, bowels, etc., the re- ' "' ^ 
suit of the pressure being that a portion of the nerve-current 
is thus cut off. This condition is relieved by manipulation and 
by placing the tips of the finger or the thumb under the middle 
of the rib, while the patient inflates his lungs, and raises his 
arm over his head. You will see by reference to the several 
illustrations accompanying this part of the course the different 
methods of raising and adjusting the ribs in their proper posi- 
tion. The principle is the same in each case. The raising of 
the arm and inflating of the lungs should always accompany 
the raising of the ribs by the ends of the fingers or thumb. A 
little actual practice will give you the idea far better than can 
any printed description. 




Raising Eighth Rib. 






Raising Ribs, 



Raising JE^ib^,^ 



Raising False 
Ribs. 




liaising Ribs, 



THE, OSTEOPATHIC GENERAL TREAT= 

MENT 

This treatment contains that which goes to make up most 
of the leading features of the treatments recommended for 
special complaints. When you can give a general treatment as 
below described, you have practically mastered the art of 
Osteopathic m-anipulation and treatment. The General Treat- 
ment can be advantageously used in every form of complaint, 
as it contains within it all the elements that go to make up the 
special trea.tments. Of course, in s'ome cases, it is well to omit 
some of the movements, etc., but as a rule it is as well to retain 
them all, unless the patient is too w.eak to stand them, in which 
case yiou must use your own good judgment as to how much 
had better be omitted. 

Some of the best Osteopathic practitioners confine them- 
selves almost altogether to the General Treatment, in all cases., 
and the only special treatment given by them is an accenting 
of the treatment of the region of the affected part. You will 
see by studying carefully the theory of Osteopathic practice, 
that this General Treatment will free and equa-lize the circula- 
tion of the entire body, and will free and stimulate the nerve 
impulse to all the parts. This being the case, a normal condi- 
tion will be soon res-tored, and the normal condition being re- 
stored, Health must manifest itself. 

Our advice to you is to always carry in mind the General 
Treatment, no matter in what part of the -body is located the 
complaint. Of course, pay special attention to the region of 
the affected part, giving special manipulations there, as the 
same is needed and the patient will expect it, but work in the 
General Treatment somewhere, either at the beginning or the 
ending, or in con-nection with the special treatment. 

The patient will feel so invigor-ated a.fter a few General 
Trea'tments that he will notice if you omit any o*f the move- 
ments, etc., afterwards. Many patients will experience a 
marked improvement after the fi.rst General Treatment. When 
you remember that an interruption of the circulation in any one 
part will produce results in parts of the body far removed from 
the point at which the obstruction occurs, you will see the im- 
portance of the General Treatment. In case it is difficult to 

84 



Osteopathy. 



25 



closely diagnose the trouble, you will get the result just the 
same as if you had been able to closely locate the trouble, if you 
will give the General Treatment. This is where you have 
quite an advantage over the Drug Doctor. And, then besides, 
you cannot do any harm in case of a mistaken diagnosis, as he i^ 
apt to do. 

By all means let your hobby be General Treatments. Learn 
to give them thoroughly and effectively, and your success is 
assured. 

Preliminary. — Direct the patient to lie upon his face. 
Place a pillow under his breast, reaching up so that his chin 
may rest upon it. Let his arms hang loose over the sides of 
the table. 

Examine his ribs and see if they are in place and presenting 
an even surface when the hand is placed over them. If a rib is 
turned it will present a sharp edge. 

Place the first finger of the right hand upon the left side of 
the spinal column, close up against the spine, and the second 
finger upon the right side of the spinal column so that the 
spine is between the two fingers. Then, beginning at the first 
cervical, bring the fingers firmly down the entire length of the 
spine, slowly and carefully. If you find tender spots you will 
know that there exists a congested condition over a certain 
nerve center controlling some part of the body. If you find a 
small spot much colder, or much warmer, than the surrounding 
parts, you will know that some muscle is contracted and is 
obstructing the circulation supplying some nerve centre, which 
is undoubtedly causing trouble i'n the part of the body con- 
trolled by that nerve centre. 

Go over the spine a second time, in the same way, only press 
your fingers in more deeply, and you will possibly find muscles 
manifesting a knotted feeling to the touch, which indicates a 
contraction, and consequent interference. 

Placing the patient on his back, instruct him to place his 
arms to his sides and relax all over. Examine him thoroughly 
by passing the hands all over his body from head to feet, over 
all the organs and limbs, noting carefully all tender spots, con- 
tractions, swellings, etc. Do not neglect to examine the pulse 
to ascertain the action of the heart. 

TREATMENT 

(i) Begin by giving a thorough Spinal Treatment, as fol- 
lows : The patient on his side, then using the palmar surface spinai Treatment. 




26 Osteopathy. 

of the fingers and hand, manipulate along the right side of 
the spinal column, commencing at the first cervical, and mov- 
ing down the entire length of the spine. Move the muscles 
upward and outward gently but firmly and with a deep pres- 
sure, paying special attention wherever you find a tender 
spot, a hot or cold spot, or a knotted condition of the muscles. 
Then turning him on his other side, treat the opposite side in 
the same manner. Take your time in giving this treatment. 
Avoid using the finger tips. 

(2) Then give a thorough Neck Treatment, as follows: 
The patient lying on his back, stand at his head and place one 
hand on his forehead, the other under his neck, and rotate the 
head slowly from side to side. Then manipulate thoroughly 
and deeply the muscles of the back, sides and front of the neck. 
Then place the hands in the first position, and give the neck 
a thorough extension or stretching, gently but firmly, being 
careful not to rotate the head. This treatment frees the cir- 
culation to the brain. 

(3) Then give Spinal Extension, as follows: The patient 
on his back, grasp his shoulders, your fingers under his arm- 
pits. An assistant holds the patient's ankles. The patient 
relaxes and you give a careful stretching or extension of the 
spine, gentle but firm, for about a minute. This frees the cir- 
culation of the spinal cord and relieves pressure upon the 
spinal nerves. 

(4) Then give Chest Expansion, as follows: Seat your 
patient on a stool or chair (if a chair, let him face its back) 
and stand behind him. Place your foot on the seat of the 
chair, the tip of your toe being up against, or under, the body 
of the patient. Place your knee between the patient's shoul- 
ders, holding his wrists in each hand. Raise his arms (side- 
ways) up and over his head, slowly but strongly, and press hard 
with your knee against his spine. Then maintaining the pres- 
sure of your knee, lower the arms with a backward motion. 
The patient should inhale, filling the lungs, while the arms 
are being raised ; exhaling as the arms are lowered. 

(5) Then give Rotation of the Shoulder, as follows: 
The patient on his back or sitting up, place one hand on his 
shoulder, and with your other hand take hold of his elbow 
and rotate the arm around the head. 

(6) Then give Stretching of the Arm and Shoulder 
Joints, as follows : The patient on his back, with head and 



Osteopathy. TJ 

shoulders raised on a pillow, and arms extended over his head, 
stand at his head and take his hands in yours, pressing your 
thumb between his thumb and forefinger, letting your fingers 
pass around the fleshy part of his thumb and back of his hand. 
Make several vigorous elastic pulls, avoiding sudden jerks. 
Make the pulls gradually, then withdraw the force suddenly. 
Repeat several times. 

(7) Then give Rotation of the Hands, as follows: Take 
the patient's hand in yours, and with your other hand grasp 
his wrist and rotate from side to side. Repeat several times. 
(Passive.) 

(8) Then give Flexion and Extension of the Hand,^ as 
follows: Grasp the patient's wrist with one of your hands, 
and hold his fingers in your other hand, and move the hand 
up and down. Repeat several times. (Active or Passive.) 

(9) Then give Flexion and Extension of the Arm, as fol- 
lows: The patient sitting, stand behind him and grasp his 
wrists, he keeping his elbows close to his body. Move his 
arms up and down. Repeat several times. (Active.) 

(10) Then give Separating and Closing of the Arms, as 
follows: The patient sitting with arms extended in front, 
take hold of his wrists and separate and close his arms. Re- 
peat several times. (Active.) 

(11) Then give Flexion and Extension of the Legs, as 
follows: The patient on his back, place one hand on knee, 
the other under the sole of the foot, and move the leg up and 
down to and from the chest. Repeat several times. (Active.) 

(12) Then give Rotation of the Leg, as follows: The 
patient on his back, place one hand on the sole of his foot, 
the other under his knee, raise the leg and rotate from the hip 
outward. Repeat several times. (Active or Passive.) 

(13) Then give Flexion and Extension of the Foot, as 
follows: The patient on his back, take his toes in one hand 
and his ankle in the other. Move the foot backward and for- 
ward. If you prefer, operate on both feet at the same time. 
Repeat several times. (Active or Passive.) 

(14) Then give Separation and Closing of the Legs, as 
follows. The patient on his back, take hold of his ankles, 
underneath, and separate and close his legs. Repeat several 
times. (Active.) 

(15) Then give Separation and Closing of the Knees, as 
follows: The patient on his back, stand at his side, and plac- 
ing one hand on each knee, separate and, close. 



28 



Osteopathy. 




Manipulating 
Abdomen. 




Kneading T,eg. 




Kneading the Arm. 




Clapping. 



(i6) Then give Stretching of the Leg Joints, as follows: 
The patient on his back, take his ankles in your hands, and 
pull straight down, gently but firmly. Repeat several times. 

(17) Then give the patient a good Kneading, all over, 
from Head to Feet, going over every portion of the body, 
carefully and thoroughly, as follows: Palmar Kneading is 
akin to the movement of the hand of the baker as he kneads 
his dough. The operator grasps the muscle with the palm of 
his hand, keeping the fingers close together, the thumbs out. 
The thumb is not used, the muscle being grasped between the 
fingers and the palm of the hand, the heel of the hand, or the 
lower fleshy part of the thumb. Do not allow the skin to 
slip, but maintain a firm grasp. Manipulate deeply so as to 
reach the deeper parts. The muscle should be compressed 
by the hand and at the same time gently lifted from the bone 
or underlying tissues, rolled and stretched. When the strain 
is greatest, release so as to stimulate. Work slowly and care- 
fully, repeating the manipulations according to the require- 
ments of the case, and the state of the patient. In the begin- 
ning, do not exert much force, but later on increase the force 
as the patient becomes accustomed to it. Try to individual- 
ize groups of muscles, as the best results are thus obtained. 
Use the hands alternately. In some cases it is also desirable to 
use a rolling movement, the heel of the hand and the fleshy 
part of the thumb being pressed upon the muscle which is 
then rolled to and fro, the fingers not being used. Use one 
or both hands. Digital Kneading is effected by grasping the 
tissue between the ends of the fingers and thumb, and then 
rubbing the tissue against the bone. Either the end of one 
finger, or of several, may be used in connection with the 
thumb. 

(18) Then go over the entire body, and administer Per- 
cussion, using the particular form best adapted to the special 
part of the body upon which you are operating. A l>ttle prac- 
tice will soon give you the best method of administering Per- 
cussion, but the following is the general rule: Percussion 
consists of administering blows to different parts of the body, 
with varying degrees of force. The wrist should be flexible 
and loose, as a stiff wrist gives a blow such as is used in 
fighting. The blow should be elastic and springy, which, al- 
though penetrating deeply, does not injure the surface. Per- 
cussion can be given by several methods, which we will now 



Osteopathy. 29 

briefly describe. The first method is by striking the body 
with the inside flat surface of the half-closed fist, the heel 
of the hand and the closed ends of the fingers coming in con- 
tact with the flesh. The second method is a chopping move- 
ment, made with the little finger side of the hand. The hand 
is likened to a butcher's cleaver in this chopping movement. 
The fingers are held loosely apart, coming together when the 
blow is struck. The third method is a slapping movement 
which is best comprehended by the position and movement of 
the hand of the mother administering a well merited spank- 
ing to one of her brood. The fingers are held rigid, and the 
body slapped. The fourth method is a clapping movement, 
the hand being shaped so as to emit a hollow sound ; just as 
one holds his hands in applauding at a theater or concert. 
The fifth method is a tapping movement with the tips of the 
fingers, one or m.ore fingers of one or both hands being used. 
Percussion, in its different forms, is a powerful stimulant to 
the nerve centers. 

(19) Then give Vibrations over the principal organs of the 
body, as follows : This form of treatment is a very powerful 
stimulant. It consists of certain oscillatory movements, pro- 
duced through a succession of rapid individual efforts of the 
operator's hand. There should be little or no perceptible 
strain upon the arm muscles of the operator. The palm of the 
hand or the fingers must be placed firmly upon the parts to 
be treated, the arm being held straight and a fine trembling 
or vibrating movement communicated to the hand by the 
muscles of the upper part of the arm. The movement is 
somewhat difficult of acquirement, but you must persist until 
the desired movement is acquired, for this is one of the most 
stimulating and penetrating of all the methods of Osteopathic 
treatment, its effect being quite perceptible and almost akin 
to the effects of a current of electricity. It has a stimulating 
and strengthening effect upon the nerves, and acts strongly 
upon the venous circulation and upon the lymphatics. Be 
careful not to press upon the body with your wrist, as you 
should use no greater pressure than* the weight of your hand. 
When properly administered by one hand on the breast, the 
vibrations should be distinctly fe-lt by the other hand placed 
under the back of the patient. 

(20) Finish the treatment with a gentle and soothing 
Stroking, as follows: This treatment is useful in producing 



30 Osteopathy. 

sedative or quieting effects. It should be applied with a very 
light contact, the tips of the fingers or the palm of the hand 
just barely touching the patient. In some cases it will pro- 
duce a feeling of drowsiness on the part of the patient. It 
never fails to quiet down the patient, equalize the circulation 
and relieve an excess of stimulation. Stroking should always 
be performed in a down-ward and outward direction, and in 
one direction only, not to and fro. Tlie tips of one, more or all 
of the fingers, or the palmar surface of one or both* hands, 
are moved gently over the skin, with a light contact, not even 
the mere weight of the hand being allowed to press upon the 
surface of the skin. Lightness, gentleness, and airiness, are 
the words best describing the Stroking movement. 

In addition to the above mo.vements and manipulations, 
etc., you should add the following to the General Treatment, 
when indicated by the requirements of the particular case 
treated : 

(A) In cases of Stomach, Liver or Bowel trouble. Indi- 
gestion, Dyspepsia or Constipation, etc., etc., give the follow- 
ing treatment, which Frees the Pneumo-Gastric Nerve: The 
patient on his back, place your hand under the chin, pull the 
head backward. Move from right to left and manipulate 
deeply and firmly, the lower part of the neck, on each side of 
the windpipe. This frees and stimulates the pneumo-gastric 
nerve, which largely influences the organs of digestion. 

(B) In cases where fever manifests itself, or where it is 
desirable to reduce or slow down the action of the heart, add 
the following treatment, which con*sists of a pressure upon the 
Vaso- Motor Centre: Place the fingers on. each side of the 
back of the n.eck and press with fingers on ea.ch side of the 
spine over the upper cervica.ls (vaso-motor center) for two or 
three minutes. This will slow the action of the heart. 

(C) In cases where Dysentery, Diarrhea, Cholera Morbus, 
etc., is feared, add the following treatment which is known 
as tbe Great Osteopathic Dysentery Movement: Seat your 
patient on a stool or chair (if a chair, let him face its back) 
and stand behind him. Place your foot on a round of the 
chair, gra-sp his shoulders, and press your knee firmly against 
his back, on* the spinal column, just below the last rib. Draw 
him back by the shoulders, gently but firmly. Take your time 
and do not be in a hurry. In giving the treatment have him re- 
1^ ^11 of hk musqleSt If the patient is in bed place Qm hmi 



Osteopathy. 31 

under each of his sides, placing your fingers on each side of his 
spine just below the last rib. Lift him up from the bed sev- 
eral inches, his weight resting on the ends of your fingers, his 
body from shoulders to pelvis forming an arch. 



QUIZ QUESTIONS 

1. What is Osteopathy? 

2. What is the theory upon which it is based ? 

3. What part do the nerves and the circulation play in 
health and disease? 

4. How does an Osteopath restore normal conditions ? 

5. Sum up in a few words the Basic Principles of Oste- 
opathy. 

6. State in a few words the "Points on Practice" given in 
Lesson I. 

7. Namie the Spinal Centre for the Liver. 

8. Where would you look for a Lesion in a case of trouble 
with the Bladder? 

9. Name the principal Osteopathic "Movements." 

10. Name and describe the different forms of Kneading. 

11. Name and describe the several forms of Percussion. 

12. What is the effect of Vibration, and how is it admin- 
istered ? 

13. How do you apply Stroking, and what is its effect? 

14. How do you stimulate a nerve? 

15. How do you desensitize a nerve? 

16. How do you free the Pneumo-Gastric Nerve, and 
what is its efifect ? 

17. How do you press on the Vaso-Motor Centre, and 
what is its effect? 

18. How do you give a Spinal Treatment? 

19. How do you give a Neck Treatment? 

20. How do you Expand the Chest? 

21. Describe the Osteopathic Dysentery Treatment? 

22. Describe the theory of Rib Raising, and tell how you 
accomplish it? 



MA? S 1902 



THE HOME STUDY COURSE 



IN 



OSTEOPJiTHY 



ISSUED BY 



The Columbia 
College of Osteopathy 

3031 AUDITORIUM BLDC, 
CHICAGO, ILL., U.S.A. 



Consists of Twelve Lessons, fully illustrated, and is issued 
in Five Parts, as follows : 



PART FIRST- 

Theory of Osteopathy* 
Movements and Manipulations. 
General Treatment. 

PART SECOND— 

Special Treatments. 
PART THIRD- 

Special Treatments. 
PART FOURTH- 

Special Treatments. 

Osteopathic Anatomy. 

Osteopathic Physiology. 

PART FIFTH- 

Osteopathic Anatomy and Physiology. 
Building up and Conducting an Osteopathic 

Practice. 
Practical Advice and Suggestions. 
Miscellaneous Information. 



HOME STUDY COURSE 



IN 



OSTEOPATHY 



PART SECOND 

Comprising Lessons III, IV and V 



Copyright, 1902, 

By The Columbia College of Osteopathy, 

Chicago, III. 



ISSUED BY 

The Columbia College of Osteopathy 

w 

3031 AUDITORIUM BUILDING 

Chicago, III., U. S. A. 



THE LiBRARY ©F 
CONGRESS, 

Two COPifca ;^£CEIVEIt 

^^AR. S 1902 

/-COPYRfQMT ENTRY 

CLASS ^^-XXa y^o. 
COPY B. 






CONTENTS 



LESSON III 

Diseases of the Stomach and Intestines, Etc 7 

Constipation 7 

Dyspepsia, Indigestion, Etc 10 

Diarrhea, Dysentery, Cholera Morbus, Etc 11 

Cramps in the bowels 13 

Cholera Infantum. 13 

Appendicitis 13 

Diseases of the Heart and Circulation . 14 

Anemia , 16 

Varicose Veins, Etc 16 

Dropsy 16 

LESSON IV 

Diseases of the Liver 18 

Diseases of the Kidneys 21 

Diseases of the Pancreas 24 

Diseases of the Spleen 25 

Diseases of the Bladder . . . • 25 

Diseases of the Rectum 25 

Diseases of the Anus 26 

LESSON V 

Diseases of the Respiratory Osgans 27 




Fig. 2. 
PoKlcrior view ot 
fenuir, showing 
the ridges, de- 
preesions, anu 
openings. 





Atlas and Axis in position. 10, projectioa 
of axis, puRsin" through the atlas, upon 
which the sliuli rests. 



Eto» 2.— Thb skeletob. 



ViKW OP Kkee-joiut. 
^ Thigh bone ; B, Knee-pan i 
C, D, Leg bones. 




T^^ ATuMy. 




Coccxx 



Posterior view of the spinal cord, — a portion of the cercbrura and cerebellunj 
.and Borae of the nerves of the cerebro-epinal system. On the left side of the 
body some of the tissues are removed to show 'he deeper nerves, while the 
right side shows certain superficial ones. — CE, cerebrum; CER, cerebellum, 
.B, nerves distributed to the arm ; SC, spinal cord ; S'N, sciatic nerve. 




Fig. 75. 
Vertical section of body, showing sympathetic nerves and ganglia of right side, 
and their connection with the cerebro-spinal nerves. — Cerebrospinal system. 
CN, cervical nerves ; B, newes distributed to the arm; DN, dorsal nerves; 
SN, sacral nerves, some of which are distributed to the leg ; PN, pneuniogas- 
tric nerve. S ijmpathtlic system : I', plexus ia the head ; PP, pharyngeal plexus ; 
CP, cardiac plexus. OP, oesophageal plexus; SoP, solar plexus; AP, aortic 
plexus, MP, mesenteric plexu." j SP, sacral plexus; G, some of the ganglia ol 
the sympathetic system. 







'A, Heart. 

B, The Lungs. 

C, Diaphragm, 
l"I>, The Liver. 




Side view of the head aud trunk ;, 
the bones and soft coverings of the 
cavities being removed, and the; 
face, throat, and spinal column' 
given in longitudinal sections;." 
T]}e organs are in relief. A, lungs ; ' 
B, trachea • C, oesophagus ; D,. 
stomach ; E* diaphragm ; F, ;.i 
small portion of the liver; G, in- 
, testines ; H, heart ; I, spleen ; 
J, bladder. 




, Alimentary Canal— Includ- 
ing Gullet, Stomach, Large and 
Small Intestines. 



t-TtJE KlDKEVS AND BLADDER. 




-A gastric gland* 



-Structure of a Salivary Glandi. 



LESSON III. 

SPECIAL TREATMENTS. 



DISEASES OF THE STOMACH, INTESTINES, ETC 



CONSTIPATION* 

This disease is one of the most common, and at the same 
time one of the most difficult diseases to cure by Drug-giving 
Doctors. Happily, however, it yields readily to Osteopathic 
treatment. Constipation carries in its train ills and disorders 
of many kinds, and when we once rid a patient of Constipa- 
tion we have relieved him of many other complaints. When 
the cause is removed the effects disappear. The symptoms of 
Constipation are too well known to be dwelt upon here. The 
Osteopathic theory of the disease is that the nerve force is 
partly shut off from the organs, which are consequently de- 
prived of their ability to perform their accustomed tasks. By 
removing the pressure on the nerves and stimulating the action 
of the liver and bowels by manipulation the peristaltic action 
of the bowels is again made normal and all the organs of 
nutrition and elimination perform their work, and health 
ensues. 

TREATMENT 

( I ) Give the patient a good spinal treatment, as follows : 
The patient on his side, then using the palmar surface of the 
fingers and hand, manipulate along the right side of the spinal 
column, commencing at the first cervical, and moving down 
the entire length of the spine. Move the muscles upward and 
outward gently but firmly and with a deep pressure, paying 
special attention wherever you find a tender spot, a hot or cold 
spot, or a knotted condition of the muscles. Then turning him 
on his other side, treat the opposite side in the same manner. 
Take your time in giving this treatment. Avoid using the 
finger tips. 




Spinal Treatment 



8 



Osteopathy. 




Extending Neck. 




:Expanding Chest. 




Kneading Abdo- 
men. 



(2) Then give the Neck Treatment, as follows: The 
patient lying on his back, stand at his head and place one 
hand on his forehead, the other under his neck, and rotate 
the head slowly from side to side. Then manipulate thor- 
oughly and deeply the muscles of the back, sides and front of 
the neck. Then place the hands in the first position, and give 
the neck a thorough extension or stretching, gently but firmly, 
being careful not to rotate the head. This treatment frees 
the circulation to the brain. 

(3) Then give Chest Expansion, as follows: Seat your 
patient on a stool or chair (if a chair, let him face its back) 
and stand behind him. Place your foot on the seat of the 
chair, the tip of your toe being up against, or under, the body 
of the patient. Place your knee between the patient's shoulders, 
holding his wrists in each hand. Raise his arms (sideways) 
up and over his head, slowly but strongly, and press hard 
with your knee against his spine. Then maintaining the pres- 
sure of your knee, lower the arms with a backward motion. 
The patient should inhale, filling the lungs, while the arms 
are being raised ; exhaling as the arms are lowered. 

(4) Then give Extension of the Spine, as follows : The 
patient on his back, grasp his shoulders, your fingers under 
his armpits. An assistant holds the patient's ankles. The 
patient relaxes and you give a careful stretching or extension 
of the spine, gentle but firm, for about one minute. This frees 
the circulation of the spinal cord and relieves pressure upon 
the spinal nerves. 

(5) Then give Rotation of the Pelvis, as follows: The 
patient on his back and holding on to the table, grasp his 
feet and rotate his legs in such a manner as to describe a 
circle large enough to bring the pelvis into action. Repeat 
several times. (Passive.) 

(6) Then administer Kneading in the region of the Liver, 
as follows: Palmar Kneading is akin to the movement of 
the hand of the baker as he kneads his dough. The operator 
grasps the muscle with the palm of his hand, keeping the 
fingers close together, the thumbs out. The thumb is not 
used, the muscle being grasped between the fingers and the 
palm of the hand, the heel of the hand, or the lower fleshy 
part of the thumb. Do not allow the skin to slip, but main- 
tain a firm grasp. Manipulate deeply so as to reach the deeper 
parts. The muscle should be compressed by the hand and at 



Osteopathy. 





the same time gently lifted from the bone or underlying tis- 
sues, rolled and stretched. When the strain is greatest, release 
so as to stimulate. Work slowly and carefully, repeating the 
manipulations according to the requirements of the case and 
the state of the patient. In the beginning, do not exert much 
force, but later on increase the force as the patient becomes 
accustomed to it. Try to individualize groups of muscles, as Abdominal Kneadi 
the best results are thus obtained. Use the hands alternately. 
In some cases it is also desirable to use a rolling movement, 
the heel of the hand and the fleshy part of the thumb being 
pressed upon the muscle, which is then rolled to and fro, the 
fingers not being used. Use one or both hands. Digital 
Kneading is effected by grasping the tissues between the ends 
of the fingers and thumb, and then rubbing the tissue against 
the bone. Either the end of one finger, or of several, may ■^°^^^^"Susc?e.™'°^^ 
be used in connection with the thumb. 

(7) Then give Flexion and Extension of the Legs, as 
follows : The patient on his back, place one hand on the knee, 
the other under the sole of the foot, and move the leg up and 
down to and from the chest. Repeat several times. (Active.) 

(8) Then Rotate the Legs, as follows: The patient on 
his back, place one hand on the sole of his foot, the other un- 
der his knee, raise the leg and rotate the leg from the hip 
outward. Repeat several times. Then treat the other leg. 

(9) Then administer Vibration over the Liver and the 
Bowels, as follows : This form of treatment is a very pow^er- 
ful stimulant. It consists of certain oscillatory movements, 
produced through a succession of rapid individual efforts of 
the operator's hand. There should be little or no perceptible 
strain upon the arm muscles of the operator. The palm of 
the hand or the fingers must be placed firmly upon the parts to 
be treated, the arm being held straight and a fine trembling or 
vibrating movement communicated to the hand by the muscles 
of the upper part of the arm. The movement is somewhat dif- 
ficult of acquirement, but you must persist until the desired 
movement is acquired, for this is one of the most stimulating 
and penetrating of all the methods of Osteopathic treatment, , 
its effect being quite perceptible and almost akin to the eft"ects ^ \ 
of a current of electricity. It has a stimulating and strength- 
ening effect upon the nerves, and acts strongly upon the venous 
circulation and upon the lymphatics. Be careful not to press 
upon the body with your wrist, as you should use no greater Deep vibration. 




vibration of 
Liver. 




lO 



Osteopathy. 




stroking. 




Freeing Pneumo- 
Gastric. 



pressure than the weight of your hand. When properly 
administered by one hand on the breast, the vibrations should 
be distinctly felt by the other hand placed under the back of 
the patient. 

(lo) Finish by a gentle, quieting Stroking, as follows: 
This treatment is useful in producing sedative or quieting 
effects. It should be applied with a very light contact, the 
tips of the fingers, or the palm of the hand, just barely touching 
the patient. In some cases it will produce a feeling of drowsi- 
ness on the part of the patient. It never fails to quiet down 
the patient, equalize the circulation and relieve an excess of 
stimulation. Stroking should always be performed in a down- 
ward and outward direction, and in one direction only, not 
to-and-fro. The tips of one, more or all of the fingers, or 
the palmar surface of one or both hands, are moved gently over 
the skin, with a light contact, not even the mere weight of the 
hand being allowed to press upon the surface of the skin. 
Lightness, gentleness, and airiness, are the words best describ- 
ing the Stroking movement. 

Treat frequently. Patients suffering from Constipation 
usually take an insufficient quantity of fluids. The perfectly 
healthy man drinks at least two quarts of fluids each day. 
Without sufficient fluids Nature finds it hard to do her work. 
Accordingly instruct your patient to increase his fluids each 
day until he drinks the normal quantity. This is important; 
do not neglect the fluids. 

DYSPEPSIA, INDIGESTION, ETC 

These complaints are too well known to go into detail 
regarding symptoms, etc. Osteopathy teaches that the causes 
producing Dyspepsia and kindred troubles are identical with 
those manifesting in the shape of Constipation, Liver Com- 
plaint, etc. Consequently, the treatment is practically the same 
in each case. Osteopathy is very efficacious in cases of Dys- 
pepsia, Indigestion, etc., the improvement usually being mani- 
fested from the first. 

Treatment: Give the full treatment given for Constipa- 
tion. In the Spinal Treatment, pay special attention to that 
part of the spinal column between the second and sixth dorsal 
vertebrae, in which region will probably be found tender spots 
showing an obstruction of the nerves controlling the organs of 
nutrition, digestion and assimilation. 



Osteopathy. ii 

Many Osteopaths treat Dyspepsia by giving the full Gen- 
eral Treatment, in which they pay particular attention to 
kneading the region of the stomach, etc. Give frequent treat- 
ments. 

DIARRHEA, DYSENTERY, CHOLERA MORBUS, ETC, 

These diseases and their symptoms are well known. Oste- 
opathy offers a simple and effective cure. Osteopathy teaches 
that disorders of this class are caused by an interference with 
the peristaltic action of the bowels, which is controlled by the 
great Splanchnic and right Pneumo-Gastric nerves which to- 
gether form the Solar Plexus or Abdomxinal Brain. Under 
ordinary conditions, just the right amount of nerve force is 
transmitted to move the bowels normally and naturally. How- 
ever, occasions arise in which it would seem that Nature's 
"shut-off"' had refused to work, or become fastened in some 
manner, and consequently the nerve force continues to be 
poured into the organs and parts until, unless checked in some 
way, the machine runs itself down and often collapses. It is 
practically a similar case to a runaway locomotive whose air 
brakes will not work. Every engineer knows what a terrible 
predicament he is placed in if his "air" refuses to work. He is 
very fortunate if he avoids a wreck. Now Osteopathy has dis- 
covered a way to help the Engineer of the system, when his 
air brakes refuse to act, and his train is threatened with de- 
struction. 

As we have already stated, the bowels are controlled by the 
great Splanchnic and right Pneumo-Gastric nerves, and it is 
over these nerves that this runaway current is speeding. You 
will see at once that a pressure on these nerves will desensitize 
them and shut oif the current until Nature has time to adjust 
her air brakes. In another part of this course, we have ex- 
plained that a steady, continued pressure over a nerve centre 
will desensitize it, and an alternated movement will stimulate 
it, so you see at once the philosophy of this Great Osteopathic 
Dysentery Treatment. The principal trouble seems to come 
over the Splanchnic nerve, and a steady, firm pressure there 
affords instant relief and very often one simple treatment will 
will effect an entire cure. This is something that every man, 
woman and child should know. It has saved many lives, and 
has relieved thousands of cases of intense pain, weakness and 
drain upon the system. 



12 



Osteopathy. 




Dysentery Treat- 
ment. 



The key to the treatment is the pressure upon the right 
Splanchnic nerve, which will readily respond to a pressure 
close to the spine, between the sixth and seventh ribs. 

Treatment: (i) Seat your patient on a stool or chair 
(if a chair, let him face its back) and stand behind him. 
Place your foot on a round of the chair, grasp his shoulders, 
and press your knee firmly against his back, on the spinal 
column, just below the last rib. Draw him back by the shoul- 
ders, gently but firmly. Take your time and do not be in a 
hurry. In giving the treatment have him relax all his mus- 
cles. If the patient is in bed, place one hand under each of 
his sides, placing your fingers on each side of his spine just 
below the last rib. Lift him up from the bed several inches, 
his weight resting on the ends of your fingers, his body from 
shoulders to pelvis forming an arch. 

(2) Then hold the Vaso-Motor nerves as follows : Place 
the fingers on each side of the back of the neck and press with 
fingers on each side of the spine over the upper cervicals 
(Vaso-Motor center) for two or three minutes. This will 
slow the action of the heart. 

(3) Conclude the treatment with a quieting, soothing 
Stroking, which will be appreciated by the patient. Give as 
follows: This treatment is useful in producing sedative or 
quieting effects. It should be applied with a very light con- 
tact, the tips of the fingers, or the palm of the hand, just 

^' barely touching the patient. In some cases it will produce a 
feeling of drowsiness on the part of the patient. It never fails 
■^°^Mofcn^^°" to quiet down the patient, equalize the circulation and relieve 
an excess of stimulation. Stroking should always be per- 
formed in a downward and outward direction, and in one 
direction only, not to-and-fro. The tips of one, more or all 
of the fingers, or the palmar surface of one or both hands, are 
moved gently over the skin, with a light contact, not even the 
mere weight of the hand being allowed to press upon the sur- 
face of the skin. Lightness, gentleness, and airiness, are the 
words best describing the Stroking movement. 

Persons understanding the theory of the Osteopathic Dys- 
entery Treatment, can apply the same to their own complaints, 
if they are where they cannot secure the services of a practi- 
tioner. 





stroking. 



Osteopathy. 13 

CRAMPS IN THE BOWELS* 

This trouble can be readily cured by the Dysentery Treat- 
ment, coupled with a good, thorough Kneading of the bowels. 
Vibration over the bowels can also be used to advantage in 
connection with the other treatment. 

CHOLERA INFANTUIVL 

Give the child the Dysentery Treatment, or rather that 
part of it in which the patient is lifted from the bed by the 
fingers being placed on each side of the spine. The move- 
ments should of course be more gentle than in the case of an 
adult. Also press on the Vaso-Motor nerve center for a min- 
ute or two. Finish by giving Stroking treatment, which will 
often cause the child to fall into a refreshing slumber. Os- 
teopaths have cured many cases of this complaint, by this 
treatment, after the Drug Doctors had pronounced the case 
hopeless. 

APPENDICITIS* 

This disease is caused by an inflammation of the Vermiform 
Appendix. The symptoms are fever ; pain in the affected 
region ; nausea and vomiting. 

Treatment: The patient on his back, manipulate and 
knead the lower right side of the abdomen, and endeavor to 
move any lumps of hardened fceces toward the rectum. Man- 
ipulate in a gentle, careful manner. Then Vibrate over the 
lower part of the abdomen. Then take the patient's right 
hand, having an assistant to hold his hip at the same time, and 
give the arm a thorough extension over his head, as described 
in the lesson on Osteopathic Movements. Then give him a 
thorough Spinal Treatment, paying special attention to any 
painful spots. Then press on the Vaso-Motor nerve center for 
two or three minutes. Finish by a gentle Stroking, from head 
to feet. 



DISEASES OF THE, HEART 
AND CIRCULATION. 




Spinal Treatment 



The principles underlying Osteopathic treatment of Dis- 
eases of the Heart are that the majority of troubles of this 
class arise not so much from any congenital weakness of the 
heart, but from some obstruction or impediment in some other 
part of the body. With the circulation obstructed, the heart 
must in time feel the strain. The plain remedy, therefore, 
is to remove the obstruction, equalize the circulation and re- 
store a normal condition of affairs, and the heart weakness dis- 
appears. A displacement, abnormal pressure, or contraction 
is very often, indeed, the real cause of ''heart disease," and it 
readily will be seen just how Osteopathy is so successful in the 
cure of this class of diseases. In fact. Osteopaths frequently 
find that after treating a patient for some other disease, and 
relieving it, the old heart trouble has disappeared. With this 
in mind, we strongly urge the student to give to the patient 
suffering with heart trouble, the benefit of one or more Gen- 
eral Treatments before beginning to treat him for the heart 
trouble. Many cases of heart trouble disappear after the pa- 
tient is cured of constipation or dyspepsia. We herewith give 
a general form of treatment for diseases of the heart, which 
the student will use in connection with the treatments for the 
other troubles with which the patient is suffering. 

Treatment : ( i ) Begin by giving the Spinal Treatment, 

as follows : The patient on his side, then using the palmar 

surface of the fingers and hand, manipulate along the right 

, side of the spinal column, commencing at the first cervical, and 

Y ~M HKiving down the entire length of the spine. Move the mus- 

.'f^-jy cles upward and outward gently but firmly and with a deep 

pressure, paying special attention wherever you find a tender 

spot, a hot or cold spot, or a knotted condition of the muscles. 

Then turning him on his other side, treat the opposite side 

in the same manner. Take your time in giving this treatment. 

Avoid using the finger tips. 

(2) Then give the Neck Treatment, as follows: The 

patient lying on his back, stand at his head and place 

ExteiKiing Neck, ouc hand on his forehead, the other under his neck, and rotate 

14 





Osteopathy, 



IS 



the head slowly from side to side. Then manipulate thor- 
oughly and deeply the muscles of the back, sides and front of 
the neck. Then place the hands in the first position, and give 
the neck a thorough extension or stretching, gently but firmly, 
being careful not to rotate the head. This treatment frees the 
circulation to the brain. 

(3) Then give the following treatment designed to re- 
lieve a possible depression of the ribs which interferes with 
the heart's action : 

Place your left hand under the right shoulder of the patient ; 
then place the fingers of the left hand on the angle of the sec- 
ond rib of the patient; then take hold of his right wrist with 
your right hand, and draw it up slowly and steadily until it is 
above his head, the patient at the same tim.e taking a long 
deep breath. Then lower the arm with a backward motion, 
at the same time pressing hard upon the angle of the rib. Then 
do the same with the third, fourth and fifth ribs. Then repeat 
on the other side of the patient's body. This treatment fre- 
quently gives instantaneous relief. 

(4) Then give Chest Expansion, as follows : Seat 
your patient on a stool or chair (if a chair, let him 
face its back) and stand behind him. Place your foot on the 
seat of the chair, the tip of your toe being up against, or 
under, the body of the patient. Place your knee between the 
patient's shoulders, holding his wrists in each hand. Raise 
his arms (sideways) up and over his head, slowly but strongly, 
and press hard wath your knee against his spine. Then main- 
taining the pressure of your knee, lower the arms with a back- 
ward motion. The patient should inhale, filling the lungs, 
while the arms are being raised ; exhaling as the arms are 
lowered. 

(5) Then give the Spinal Extension, as follows: The 
patient on his back, grasp his shoulders, your fingers 
under his armpits. An assistant holds the patient's ankles. 
The patient relaxes and you give a careful stretching or ex- 
tension of the spine, gentle but firm, for about one minute. 
This frees the circulation of the spinal cord and relieves press- 
ure upon the spinal nerves. 

(6) Then give Flexion and Extension of the Leg, as fol- 
lows : The patient on his back, place one hand on the knee, the 
other under the sole of the foot, and move the leg up and 
dov\-n to and from the chest. Repeat several times. (Active.) 




Raising Ribs. 




Expanding Chest. 



i6 Osteopathy. 

ANEMIA. 

This disease is caused by a deficiency of blood. The symp- 
toms are a pecuUar pallor of the face ; eyeballs of a bluish tinf ; 
poor appetite and imperfect nutrition ; urine pale ; weak heart ; 
neuralgia, etc., etc. The treatment is based upon the principle 
that the circulation once equalized and the organs of nutrition 
and assimilation stimulated so that new, rich blood can be 
made, the cause is removed and the patient will rapidly grow 
well. 

Treatment: Give frequent General Treatments to equalize 
the circulation, giving especially thorough spinal treatment in 
the cervical and upper dorsal system which control the organs 
of assimilation. 

Also give treatment given in lesson on Dyspepsia. You 
will see that whatever is conducive to the increase of nutrition 
and assimilation will result in the making of blood ; and that 
when the blood supply is normal in quality and quantity, ane- 
mia must disappear. Encourage the patient to eat good, nutri- 
tious food, and obtain as much nourishment as possible. He 
will begin to feel hungry after your treatment for Dyspepsia, 
and improved appetite will do much for him, in connection 
with your treatment. 

VARICOSE VEINS, ETC 

This disease is caused by a pressure upon some portion of 
the venous system. The veins are unduly dilated and are 
much swollen, and present a dark blue appearance. 

Treatment : Give a general leg treatment, employing all 
the Methods of Manipulation and all of the leg Movements. 
Finish by giving a General Treatment. The principal object 
is to free the muscles, veins and nerves of the thigh, and the 
student must bear this in mind in giving the treatment. 

Inflammation of a vein (Phlebitis) is treated by Movements 
and Manipulations to free the circulation at and around the 
affected parts. 

DROPSY* 

Dropsy is caused by an abnormal accumulation of serum. 
It causes swelling, beginning at the feet and extending upward. 
The swellings are soft and retain for some time a mark made 
by a pressure of a finger. The treatment is designed to stim- 
ulate the skin and kidneys into renewed activity and to pro- 



Osteopathy. 



17 



mote absorption. The fluids are carried off by the system and 
their reaccumulation is prevented by the natural functioning 
of the organs. 

Treatment : Give the same treatment as that recommended 
for Diseases of the Heart, paying especial attention to the 
manipulation of the spine between the tenth dorsal and last 
sacral vertebrae, which treatment is designed to stimulate the 
kidneys. Also include in the treatment a thorough Vibration 
treatment of the kidneys, as follows : 

This form of treatment is a very powerful stimulant. It 
consists of certain oscillatory movements, produced through a 
succession of rapid individual efforts of the operator's hand. 
There should be little or no perceptible strain upon the arm 
muscles of the operator. The palm of the hand or the fingers 
must be placed firmly upon the parts to be treated, the arm 
being held straight and a fine trembling or vibrating move- 
ment communicated to the hand by the muscles of the upper 'Digital 
part of the arm. The movement is somewhat difficult of ac- 
quirement, but you must persist until the desired movement is 
acquired, for this is one of the most stimulating and pene- 
trating of all the methods of Osteopathic treatment, its effect 
being quite perceptible and almost akin to the effects of a cur- 
rent of electricity. It has a stimulating and strengthening 
effect upon the nerves, and acts strongly upon the venous cir- ^ 
culation and upon the lymphatics. Be careful not to press 
upon the body with your wrist, as you should use no greater 
pressure than the w^eight of your hand. When properly 
administered by one hand on the breast, the vibrations should 
be distinctly felt by the other hand placed under the back of 
the patient. 

In about a week the kidneys will be found to be doing their 
work in a normal manner, and from that time on the recovery 
will be rapid. Osteopathy has cured thousands of cases of 
Dropsy that had defied the efforts of the Drug Doctors. 




vibration. 




Deep Vibration. 



V 



Spinal Treatment 



LEISSON IV. 

SPILCIAI. TREjI^TMENTS, 




DISEASES OP THE LIVER. 

You will see by reference to that part of the course which 
treats of the functions of the Liver what an important part it 
plays in the human economy, and how important it is that it 
should function normally. Osteopathy teaches that Bilious- 
ness, Jaundice and other Diseases of the Liver are occasioned 
by an obstruction or interruption of the circulation of the 
blood supplying the liver, or an interruption of the nerve 
current to that organ. The treatment is designed to relieve 
these abnormal conditions, and restore the organ to its natural 
condition. The following thorough Liver Treatment will ap- 
ply equally to Biliousness, Jaundice, or any other affection of 
the Liver. Almost immediate improvement will be noticed 
and a speedy cure assured'. 

TREATMENT, 

( 1 ) Begin by giving a thorough Spinal Treatment, as fol- 
lows : The patient on his side, then using the palmar surface 
of the fingers and hand, manipulate along the right side of the 
spinal column, commencing at the first cervical, and moving 
down the entire length of the spine. Move the muscles up- 
ward and outward gently but firmly and with a deep pressure, 
paying special attention wherever you find a tender spot, a hot 
'or cold spot, or a knotted condition of the muscles. Then 
turning him on his other side, treat the opposite side in the 
same manner. Take your time in giving this treatment. Avoid 
using the finger tips. 

(2) Then give a thorough Neck Treatment, as follows, 
giving special attention to the manipulation of the lower part 
of the side and front of the neck, in order to free the Pneumo- 
Gastric nerve : The patient lying on his back, stand at his 
head and place one hand on his forehead, the other under his 
neck, and rotate the head slowly from side to side. Then 



18 



Osteopathy. 



19 



manipulate thoroughly and deeply the muscles of the back, 
sides and front of the neck. Then place the hands in the. first 
position, and give the neck a thorough extension or stretching, 
gently but firmly, being careful not to rotate the head. This 
treatment frees the circulation to the brain. 

(3) Then give a thorough Kneading of the Abdomen, as 
follows : Palmar Kneading is akin to the movement of the 
hand of the baker as he kneads his dough. The operator 
grasps the muscle with the palm of his hand, keeping the fingers 
close together, the thumbs out. The thumb is not used, the 
muscle being grasped between the fingers and the palm of the 
hand, the heel of the hand, or the lower fleshy part of the 
thumb. Do not allow the skin to slip, but maintain a firm 
grasp. Manipulate deeply so as to reach the deeper parts. 
The muscle should be compressed by the hand and at the same 
time gently lifted from the bone or underlying tissues, rolled 
and stretched. When the strain is greatest, release so as to 
stimulate. Work slowly and carefully, repeating the manipu- 
lations according to the requirements of the case, and the state 
of the patient. In the beginning do not exert much force, but 
later on increase the force as the patient becomes accustomed 
to it. Try to individualize groups of muscles, as the best re- 
sults are thus obtained. Use the hands alternately. In some 
cases it is also desirable to use a rolling movement, the heel 
of the hand and the fleshy part of the thumb being pressed 
upon the muscle, which is then rolled to and fro, the fingers 
not being used. Use one or both hands. Digital Kneading is 
effected by grasping the tissue between the ends of the fingers 
and thumb, and then rubbing the tissue against the bone. 
Either the end of one finger, or of several, may be used in con- 
nection with the thumb. 

(4) Then give Flexion and Extension of the Legs, as fol- 
lows : The patient on his back, place one hand on the knee, 
the other under the sole of the foot, and move the leg up and 
down to and from the chest. Repeat several times. (Active.) 

(5) Then give Stretching of the Arm and Shoulder 
Joints, as follows : The patient on his back, with head and 
shoulders raised on a pillow, and arms extended over his head, 
stand at his head and take his hands in yours, passing your 
thumb between his thumb and forefinger, letting your fingers 
pass around the fleshy part of his thumb and back of his hand. 
Make several vigorous elastic pulls, avoiding sudden jerks. 




Extending Neck. 




Kneading. 




Digital Xueadinor. 



20 



Osteopathy. 




Spinal Extension 




Expanding Chest. 



Make the pulls gradually, then withdraw the force suddenly. 
Repeat several times. 

(6) Then give Spinal Extension, as follows: The pa- 
tient on his back, grasp his shoulders, your fingers under his 
armpits. An assistant holds the patient's ankles. The pa- 
tient relaxes and you give a careful stretching or extension of 
the spine, gentle but firm, for about one minute. This frees 
the circulation of the spinal cord and relieves pressure upon 
the spinal nerves. 

(7) Then give Expansion of the Chest, as follows: Seat 
your patient on a stool or chair (if a chair, let him face its 
back) and stand behind him. Place your foot on the seat of 
the chair, the tip of your toe being up against, or under, the 
body of the patient. Place your knee between the patient's 
shoulders, holding his wrists in each hand. Raise his arms 
(sideways) up and over his head, slowly but strongly, and 
press hard with your knee against his spine. Then maintain- 
ing the pressure of your knee, lower the arms with a back- 
ward motion. The patient should inhale, filling the lungs, 
while the arms are being raised ; exhaling as the arms are 
lowered. 

(8) Then give Vibration over the Liver, as follows: 
This form of treatment ,is a very powerful stimulant. It con- 
sists of certain oscillatory movements, produced through a suc- 
cession of rapid individual efforts of the operator's hand. 
There should be little or no perceptible strain upon the arm 
muscles of the operator. The palm of the hand or the fingers 
must be placed firmly upon the parts to be treated, the arm 
being held straight and a fine trembling or vibrating move- 
ment communicated tO' the hand by the muscles of the upper 
part of the arm. The movement is somewhat difficult of ac- 
quirement, but you must persist until the desired movement is 
acquired, for this is one of the most stimulating and pene- 
trating of all the methods of Osteopathic treatment, its effect 
being quite perceptible and almost akin to the effects of a cur- 
rent of electricity. It has a stimulating and strengthening 
effect upon the nerves, and acts strongly upon the venous cir- 
culation and upon the lymphatics. Be careful not to press 

£ upon the body with your wrist, as you should use no greater 
pressure than the weight of your hand. When properly ad- 
ministered by one hand on the breast, the vibrations should be 
distinctly felt by the other hand placed under the back of the 
patient. 



Osteopathy. 



21 



(9) Finish by giving a soothing Stroking, as follows: 
This treatment is useful in producing sedative or quieting 
effects. It should be applied with a very light contact, the tips 
of the fingers, or the palm of the hand, just barely touching 
the patient. In some cases it will produce a feeling of drowsi- 
ness on the part of the patient. It never fails to quiet down 
the patient, equalize the circulation and relieve an excess of 
stimulation. Stroking should always be performed in a down- 
ward and outward direction, and in one direction only, not 
to-and-fro. The tips of one, more or all of the fingers, or the 
palmar surface of one or both hands, are moved gently over 
the skin, with a light contact, not even the mere weight of the 
hand being allowed to press upon the surface of the skin. 
Lightness, gentleness, and airiness, are the words best de- 
scribing the Stroking movement. 

Treat every day until marked improvement is noted, then 
every other day, and so on, lessening the treatment, until the 
patient is cured. 

DISEASES OF THE KIDNEYS. 

Osteopathy teaches that Diseases of the Kidneys arise from 
an interruption or obstruction of the circulation, or an inter- 
ruption of the nerve current supplying that organ. The treat- 
ment, consequently, is such as will free the circulation and 
nerve current. The following is a good general treatment for 
Diseases of the Kidneys, and will be found to relieve the ma- 
jority of cases treated. You can, of course, add to, or vary , 
this treatment, according to your own good judgment, and ac- ^ 
cording to the requirements of the special case before you : j^ 

(i) Begin the treatment with a thorough Spinal Treat- 
ment, as follows, paying special attention to the lower dorsal 
region : The patient on his side, then using the palmar sur- 
face of the fingers and hand, manipulate along the right side 
of the spinal column, commencing at the first cervical, and 
moving down the entire length of the spine. Move the mus- 
cles upward and outward, gently but firmly, and with a deep 
pressure, paying special attention wherever you find a tender 
spot, a hot or cold spot, or a knotted condition of the muscles. 
Then turning him on his other side, treat the opposite side in 
the same manner. Take your time in giving this treatment. 
Avoid using the finger tips. 




stroking. 




Spinal Treatment 



22 



Osteopathy. 




Extending Neck. 




Kneading Abdomen. 




Slapping. 



(2) Then give a thorough Neck Treatment, giving special 
attention to the manipulation of the lower part of the side 
and front of the neck, in order to free the Pneumo-Gastric 
nerve, as follows : The patient lying on his back, stand at his 
head and place one hand on his forehead, the other under his 
neck, and rotate the head slowly from side to side. Then 
manipulate thoroughly and deeply the muscles of the back, sides 
and front of the neck. Then place the hands in the first 
position, and give the neck a thorough extension or stretch- 
ing, gently but firmly, being careful not to rotate the head. 
This treatment frees the circulation to the brain. 

(3) Then give a thorough Kneading of the region of the 
Kidneys, as follows : Palmar Kneading is akin to the move- 
ment of the hand of the baker as he kneads his dough. The 
operator grasps the muscle with the palm of his hand, keep- 
ing the fingers close together, the thumbs out. The thumb 
is not used, the muscle being grasped between the fingers and 
the palm of the hand, the heel of the hand, or the lower fleshy 
part of the thumb. Do not allow the skin tO' slip, but main- 
tain a firm grasp. Manipulate deeply so as to reach the deeper 
parts. The muscle should be compressed by the hand and at 
the same time gently lifted from the bone or underlying tissues, 
rolled and stretched. When the strain is greatest, release so 
as to stimulate. Work slowly and carefully, repeating the ma- 
nipulations according to the requirements of the case, and the 
state of the patient. In the beginning, do not exert much force, 
but later on increase the force as the patient becomes accus- 
tomed to it. Try to individualize groups of muscles, as the 
best results are thus obtained. Use the hands alternately. In 
some cases it is also desirable to use a rolling movement, the 
heel of the hand and the fleshy part of the thumb being pressed 
upon the muscle, which is then rolled to and fro, the fingers 
not being used. Use one or both hands. Digital Kneading is 
effected by grasping the tissue between the ends of the fingers 
and thumb, and then rubbing the tissue against the bone. 
Either the end of one finger, or of several, may be used in con- 
nection with the thumb. 

(4) Then give Flexion and Extension of the Leg, as fol- 
lows : The patient on his back, place one hand on the knee, 
the other under the sole of the foot, and move the leg up and 
down to and from the chest. Repeat several times. (Active.) 

(5) Then give Stretching of the Arm and Shoulder 
Joints, as follows: The patient on his back, with head and 



Osteopathy. 



23 



shoulders raised on pillow, and arms extended over his head, 
stand at his head and take his hands in yours, passing your 
thumb between his thumb and forefinger, letting your fingers 
pass around the fleshy part of his thumb and back of his hand. 
Make several vigorous elastic pulls, avoiding sudden jerks. 
Make the pulls gradually, then withdraw the force suddenly. 
Repeat several times. 

(6) Then give Spinal Extension, as follows: The pa- 
tient on his back, grasp his shoulders, your fingers under his 
armpits. An assistant holds the patient's ankles. The patient 
relaxes and you give a careful stretching or extension of the 
spine, gentle but firm, for about one minute. This frees the 
circulation of the spinal cord and relieves pressure upon the 
spinal nerves. 

(7) Then give Expansion of the Chest, as follows : Seat 
your patient on a stool or chair (if a chair, let him face its 
back) and stand behind him. Place your foot on the seat of the 
chair, the tip of your toe being up against, or under, the body 
of the patient. Place your knee between the patient's 
shoulders, holding his wrists in each hand. Raise his arms 
(sideways) up and over his head, slowly but strongly, and 
press hard with your knee against his spine. Then main- 
taining the pressure of your knee, lower the arms with a back- 
ward motion. The patient should inhale, filling the lungs, 
while the arms are being raised ; exhaling as the arms are 
lowered. 

(8) Then give \^ibration over the Kidneys, as follows : 
This form of treatment is a very powerful stimulant. It con- 
sists of certain oscillatory movements, produced through a suc- 
cession of rapid individual efforts of the operator's hand. 
There should be little or no perceptible strain upon the arm 
muscles of the operator. The palm of the hand or the fingers 
must be placed firmly upon the parts to be treated, the arm 
being held straight and a fine trembling or vibrating movement 
communicated to the hand by the muscles of the upper part 
of the arm. The movement is somewhat difiicult of acquire- 
ment, but you must persist until the desired movement is ac- 
quired, for this is one of the most stimulating and penetrating 
of all the methods of Osteopathic treatment, its effect being 
quite perceptible and almost akin to the effects of a current of 
electricity. It has a stimulating and strengthening effect upon 
the nerves, and acts strongly upon the venous circulation and 
upon the lymphatics. Be careful not to press upon the body 




Spinal Extension. 




Expanding Chest. 



24 



Osteopathy. 




Kidney Treat- 
ment. 




Stroking. 



with your wrist, as you should use no greater pressure than 
the weight of your hand. When properly administered by 
one hand on the breast, the vibrations should be distinctly felt 
by the other hand placed under the back of the patient. 

(9) Then give the following treatment: The patient on 
his face, stand by his left side, and place your left hand upon 
the upper part of the sacrum. Place your right hand under his 
knees. Then, still pressing upon the sacrum, lift his knees up 
as high as he can stand without too much strain. Repeat sev- 
eral times. You will find that he will be able to stand a little 
higher raising of the legs each time. This is an important 
movement in the treatment of diseases of the Kidneys, and 
you should master it. (See cut.) 

(10) Finish by giving a gentle, soothing Stroking, as 
follows : This treatment is useful in producing sedative or 
quieting effects. It should be applied with a very light con- 
tact, the tips of the fingers, or the palm of the hand, just barely 
touching the patient. In some cases it will produce a feeling 
of drowsiness on the part of the patient. It never fails to quiet 
down the patient, equalize the circulation and relieve an excess 
of stimulation. Stroking should always be performed in a 
downward and outward direction, and in one direction only, 
not to-and-fro. The tips of one, more or all of the fingers, or 
the palmar surface of one or both hands, are moved gently over 
the skin, with a light contact, not even the mere weight of the 
hand being allowed to press upon the surface of the skin. 
Lightness, gentleness, and airiness, are the words best describ- 
ing the Stroking movement. 

Treat every day, or every other day, as the case demands. 



DISEASES OF THE PANCREAS. 

Give the same treatment as that recommended for Diseases 
of the Liver, excepting that you will give Vibrations over the 
Pancreas instead of over the Liver. Diseases of the Pancreas 
arise from the same causes as Diseases of the Liver, i. e., an 
obstruction or interruption of the circulation of the blood 
supplying the parts, or an interruption of the nerve currents 
to that organ. When these obstructions or interruptions are 
removed by Osteopathic treatment, normal conditions return 
and a cure is effected. Give treatment every other day. 



Osteopathy. 



2S 



DISEASES OF THE SPLEEN. 

Give the same treatment as that recommended for Diseases 
of the Liver, excepting that you will give Vibrations over the 
Spleen instead of over the Liver. Diseases of the Spleen arise 
from the same causes as Diseases of the Liver, i. e., an obstruc- 
tion or interruption of the circulation of the blood supplying 
the parts, or an interruption of the nerve current to that organ. 
When these obstructions or interruptions are removed by 
Osteopathic treatment, normal conditions return and a cure is 
effected. Give treatment every day. 

DISEASES OF THE BLADDER. 

The Osteopathic treatment of diseases of the Bladder can 
be readily understood, when it is remembered that the nerves 
controlling the Bladder can be reached by pressure upon or 
manipulation of the sacral region. Stimulation of these nerves 
causes an evacuation of urine, whilst a desensitization of the 
same nerves will cause the opposite result. Treatment is given 
by administering a thorough Osteopathic General Treatment, 
to equalize the circulation, etc., and to stimulate the vitality of 
the patient, followed by such local treatment as indicated by the 
requirements of the case. The sacral region being the import- 
ant point for treatment in diseases of this kind, you will pay 
more attention to it than any portion of the spinal column. In 
case of Retention of the Urine, you will stimulate the muscles 
and nerves of the sacrum and give Vibration over the same 
part of the body. In cases of Incontinence of Urine, or Bed 
Wetting of Children, after giving the Osteopathic General 
Treatment, press one hand firmly on the Sacrum and the other 
hand under the knees, and raise the knees up as far as the Treatment for 
patient can stand without pain. This treatment has cured 
thousands of cases of this annoying complaint, and can be re- 
lied upon. It works like a charm, effecting the cure often after 
one or two treatments. 

DISEASES OF THE RECTUM. 

Piles and kindred diseases of the Rectum are treated by a 
thorough General Treatment, paying special attention to that 
part of the treatment recommended for Constipation. Then 
place your patient on his side, with his knees up against his 
chest, and after dipping the finger into vaseline insert it gently 




Bed Wetting. 



26 Osteopathy. 

in the rectum and manipulate gently, carefully but thoroughly 
in all directions, in order to free the circulation and stimulate 
the parts. Do not treat too often, as the internal treatment is 
apt to produce a tenderness of the parts, although the General 
Treatment may be given daily. Some remarkable results have 
been obtained by this treatment. A simple case of Piles may be 
removed by giving simply the Constipation Treatment for a 
week or so. 

DISEASES OF THE ANUS* 

Diseases of this class are successfully treated by giving 
the Osteopathic General Treatment, followed by dipping the 
finger in vaseline and placing it within the rectum, manipulat- 
ing the parts gently. Also pay special attention to that part of 
the treatment recommended for Constipation. Do not give in- 
ternal treatment oftener than one time each week. 



LESSON V. 

SPECIAL TREATMELNTS. 



DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 

Osteopathy teaches us that Consumption and other dis- 
eases of the Respiratory Organs are caused by contracted mus- 
cles obstructing the circulation and nerve-impulse to the parts. 
Consequently, the treatment must consist of such movements 
and manipulations as will free the circulation and the nerve- 
impulse ; stimulate the circulation and nerve force controlling 
the affected organs. You must bear in mind the fact that the 
several diseases of the Organs of Respiration arise from prac- 
tically the same cause, and that the apparently different kinds 
of disease of these organs are in reality only different mani- 
festations of the same disease. Bearing this in mind, you 
will have the key to the situation, and although you will vary 
your treatment to fit the special requirements of the particular 
case which you are treating, you will follow the general prin- 
ciples underlying the treatment. The treatment that we give 
below has been found most valuable in cases of Asthma, 
Bronchitis, etc., and other Diseases of the Respiratory Organs, 
including Consumption. But right here we wish to say to 
you that you had better not seek after cases of Consumption. 
The percentage of deaths from this disease is very great, and 
the Drug Doctors pronounce the disease incurable. The 
cases of Consumption offered you will be, as a rule, those 
which have been pronounced incurable by the Drug Doctors, 
and you will stand but a slight chance of success with them, 
as the disease will have progressed too far. It would be 
folly for you to take these cases, with the chances all against 
you and with all the Drug Doctors in town waiting to cry you 
down in case the patient dies, notwithstanding the fact that 
they lose dozens of similar cases every year. As a matter of 
business precaution, leave these cases for the Drug Doctors, 
and do not accept them yourself. This may not be a very 
high sentiment, but it is good business policy. Take our 

27 




28 



Osteopathy. 



Spinal Treatment 




Extending Neck. 




word for it. At the same time, if you have any one near to 
you who is suffering with this dread disease, you will be able 
to do much for them by giving the treatment below stated. 

TREATMENT FOR DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OF 
RESPIRATION- 

( 1 ) Start by giving Spinal Treatment, as follows : The 
patient on his side, then using the palmar surface of the fingers 
and hand, manipulate along the right side of the spinal column, 
commencing at the first cervical, and moving down the entire 
length of the spine. Move the muscles upward and outward 
gently but firmly and with a deep pressure, paying special at- 
tention wherever you find a tender spot, a hot or cold spot, or 
a knotted condition of the muscles. Then turning him on his 

^ other side, treat the opposite side in the sam.e manner. Take 
your time in giving this treatment. Avoid using the finger 
tips. 

(2) Then give Neck Treatment, as follows: The pa- 
tient lying on his back, stand at his head and place one hand 
on his forehead, the other under his neck, and rotate the head 
slowly from side to side. Then manipulate thoroughly and 
deeply the muscles of the back, sides and front of the neck. 
Then place the hands in the first position, and give the neck 
a thorough extension or stretching, gently but firmly, being 
careful not to rotate the head. This treatment frees the circu- 
lation to the brain. 

(3) Then give Extension of the Spine, as follows: The 
patient on his back, grasp his shoulders, your fingers under 
his armpits. An assistant holds the patient's ankles. The pa- 
tient relaxes and you give a careful stretching or extension 
of the spine, gentle but firm, for about one minute. This frees 
the circulation of the spinal cord and relieves pressure upon 
the spinal nerves. 

(4) Then give Chest Expansion, as follows : Seat your 
patient on a stool or chair (if a chair, let him face its back) 
and stand behind him. Place your foot on the seat of the 
chair, the tip of your toe being up against, or under, the body 
of the patient. Place your knee between the patient's shoul- 
ders, holding his wrists in each hand. Raise his arms (side- 
ways) up and over his head, slowly but strongly, and press 
hard with your knee against his spine. Then maintaining the 
pressure of your knee, lower the arms with a backward mo- 



Expanding Chest. 



Osteopathy. 



29 



lion. The patient should inhale, filling the lungs, while the 
arms are being raised ; exhaling as the arms are lowered. 

(5) Then Rotate the Shoulders, as follows: The patient 
on his back or sitting up, place one hand on his shoulder, and 
with your other hand take hold of his elbow and rotate the 
arm around the head. 

(6) Then administer Chopping Percussion to the Chest, 
as follows : With the patient on his back administer Chop- 
ping Percussion to the chest, with a flexible and springy wrist 
(beware of using a stiff wrist, as it will give too hard a blow). 
In this movement the hand is used as a butcher does his 
'cleaver, the little finger side of the hand coming in contact 
with the body. The fingers are held apart, coming together 
with a springy movement when the blow is struck. The pa- 
tient should practice deep breathing during this treatment. 

(7) Then administer Vibration to the Chest, as follows: 
This form of treatment is a very powerful stimulant. It con- 
'sists of certain oscillatory movements, produced through a 
succession of rapid individual efforts of the operator's hand 
There should be little or no perceptible strain upon the arm f 
muscles of the operator. The palm of the hand or the fingers 
must be placed firmly upon the parts to be treated, the arm 
being held straight, and a fine trembling or vibrating move- 
ment communicated to the hand by the muscles of the upper 
part of the arm. The movement is somewhat difficult of ac- 
quirement, but you must persist until the desired movement is 
acquired, for this is one of the most stimulating and penetrating 
of all the methods of Osteopathic treatment, its effect being 
quite perceptible and almost akin to the effects of a current of 
electricity. It has a stimulating and strengthening effect upon 
the nerves, and acts strongly upon the venous circulation and 
upon the lymphatics. Be careful not to press upon the body 
with your wrist, as you should use no greater pressure than 
the weight of your hand. When properly administered by one 
hand on the breast, the vibrations should be distinctly felt by 
the other hand placed under the back of the patient. 

(8) Then press upon the Vaso-Motor Nerve Center, as 
follows : Place the fingers on each side of the back of the 
neck and press with fingers on each side of the spine over the 
upper cervicals (Vaso-Motor Center) for two or three minutes. 
This will slow the action of the heart. 

(9) Then administer Stroking, as follows: This treat- 
ment is useful in producing sedative or quieting effects. It 




Chopping Move- 
ment. 




Deep Vibration. 




Woldinjj Vaso- 
Motor. 



30 Osteopathy. 

should be applied with a very light contact, the tips of the 
fingers, or the palm of the hand, just barely touching the pa- 
,tient. In some cases it will produce a feeling of drowsiness 
on the part of the patient. It never fails to quiet down the 
patient, equalize the circulation and relieve an excess of stimu- 
lation. Stroking should always be performed in a downward 
and outward direction, and in one direction only, not to-and- 
fro. The tips of one, more or all of the fingers, or the palmar 
surface of one or both hands, are moved gently over the skin, 
with a light contact, not even the mere weight of the hand 
being allowed to press upon the surface of the skin. Light- 
ness, gentleness, and airiness, are the words best describing the 
Stroking movement. 



QUIZ QUESTIONS 

1. State cause and cure of Constipation. 

2. State cause and cure of Dysentery. 

3. State cause and cure of Heart Disease. 

4. State cause and cure of Dropsy. 

5. State cause and cure of Liver troubles. 

6. State cause and cure of Kidney troubles. 

7. State cause and cure of Bladder troubles. 

8. State treatment of diseases of the Rectum. 

9. State cause and cure diseases of the Respiratory 
Organs. 

10. State details of tenth movement in treatment of dis- 
eases of the Kidneys. 




A- diagrammatic representation of the, 
various organs concerned in the conver- 
eionof food into blood. — 1, Mouth and 
salivary glands ; 2, the oesophagus ;! 
3, the stomach ; 4, a portion of the small 
intestine ; 5, the pancreas ; 6, the liver; 
7, mesentery with lacteals; 8, receptacle 
of chyle; 9, the thoracic duct emptying, 
its contents into the left subclavian vein ; 
■10, brauuhed of portal vein leadin;? to- 
liver ; 11, an hepatic vein leading from 
the liver to the large ascending vein ;, 
12, the large ascending vein cut off at its 
junction with the heart ; 13, the large 
descending- vein cut off in like manner. 





Front view of the organs of circulation. 
Veins,black; arteries, with transverse lines. 
Parts on the right side of figure are re- 
moved to show some of the deep vessels, 
while the left side shows superficial vessels. 



-Section of the Heart. 
A, Right Ventricle. E, F. Inlets to the Ventricles. 
B Left " G, Pulmonary Artery. 

C' Right Auricle. H, Aorta, 

D. Left Auricle^ 




The Valves of THlt 
Veins highly magnified. 



MAR 



1902 



THE HOME STUDY COURSE 



IN 



OSTEOPJS^THY 



ISSUED BY 



The Columbia 
College of Osteopathy 

3031 AUDITORIUM BLDC, 
CHICAGO, ILL., U. S. A. 



Consists of Twelve Lessons, fully illustf ated, and is issued 
in Five Parts, as follows : 



PART FIRST— 

Theory of Osteopathy^ 

Movements and Manipulations. 

General Treatment* 
PART SECOND— 

Special Treatments. 
PART THIRD- 

Special Treatments. 
PART FOURTH— 

Special Treatments. 

Osteopathic Anatomy. 

Osteopathic Physiology. 

PART FIFTH- 

Osteopathic Anatomy and Physiology. 
Building up and Conducting an Osteopathic 

Practice. 
Practical Advice and Suggestions. 
Miscellaneous Information. 



HOME STUDY COURSE 



IN 



OSTEOPATHY 



PART THIRD 

Comprising Lessons VI, VII and VIII 



Copyright, 1902, 

By The Columbia College of Osteopathy, 

Chicago, III. 



ISSUED BY 



The Columbia College of Osteopathy 

u 

3031 AUDITORIUM BUII^DING 

Chicago, III., U. S. A. 



THE UBViPim "Sir 
Two COPifeS MecEivE* 

Uh^, $ t902 

^0»py WIGHT Etv-rwv 
IcLASsA-XXc-j; 
COPY 8. 



CONTENTS 



LESSON VI 



\ 






Rheumatism and Kindred Diseases 7 

Rheumatism 7 

Rheumatism in the Legs 8 

Rheumatism in the Arms 9 

Rheumatism in the Entire System 11 

lyumbago (Back Ache) 11 

Gout 14 

LESSON VII 

Goitre and Tumors 15 

Goitre .... 15 

Fleshy Tumors 17 

Scrofula 18 

Diseases of the Skin 18 

Diseases of the Bones and Joints 18 

General Debility (Old Age) 18 

Diseases of the Eye, Ear and Throat 19 

Combined Neck Treatment 19 

Diseases of the Eye 20 

Granulated Eye Lids 20 

Inflammation of the Eyes 20 

Cataract 20 

Miscellaneous 21 

Diseases of the Ear 21 

Deafness, Earache, Etc 21 

Diseases of the Nose 22 

Nasal Catarrh 22 

Nose Bleed 22 

Diseases of the Throat 22 

LESSON VIII 

Diseases of the Nervous System 23 

Neuralgia 23 

Hiccough 24 

Paralysis 25 

Atrophy . > 26 

Locomotor Ataxia 26 

Insanity • . 26 

Epilepsy ("Fits") 26 

St. Vitus' Dance 28 

Nervous Prostration (Neurasthenia) 28 

Lockjaw (Tetanus) 28 

Insomnia 30 

Impotency 30 

Quiz. 31 



f^p'C^ 



Fig. 2. 
pOBlcrior view ot 
femur, showing 
the ridges, de- 
preesions, anU 
openings. 





Atlas and Axis in position. 10, projection, 
of axis, passini? through the atlas, upoa 
which the sliull rests. 



Fio. 2.— Tbs sselexoh. 



View of KNEB-Jonrr. 
A. Thigh bone ; B, Knee-pan ; 
C, D, Leg bonea. 




T/f^ ATUA?. 




C(iv«eU 



TWWv 



Cocox 




F.g. 66. 

Posterior view of the epinal cord, — a portion of the cerebrum and cerebellum 
and some of the nerves of the cerehro-epinal system. On the left side of the 
body some of the tissues are removed to show 'he deeper nerves, while the 
right side shows certain superficial once. — OE, cerebrum; CER, cerebellum, 
,B, nerves distributed to the arm ; SC, spinal cord ; SN. eciatic nerve. 




Fig. 75. 
Vertical Bection of body, showing sympathetic nerves and ganglia of right side, 
and thdr connection with the cerebro-spinal nerves. — Cerebrospinal system. 
CN, cervical nerves ; B, nerves distributed to the arm; DN, dorsal nerves; 
SN, sacral nerves, some of which are distributed to the leg ; PN, pneumogas- 
trie nerve. St/mj)athclic si/stcm : P, plexus in the head ; PP, pharyngeal plexus ; 
CP, cardiac plexus. OP, oesophageal plexus; SoP, solar plexua ; AP, aortic 
plexus, MP, mesenteric plexu? } SP, sacral plexus; G, somo of the ganglia ol 
the sympathetic system. 




"K diagrammatic representation of the, 
various organs concerned in the convert 
^eion of food into blood. — 1, Mouth and 
salivary glands ; 2, the oesophagus ;! 
3, the stomach ; 4, a portion of the small 
intestine ; 5, the pancreas ; 6,. the liver; 
7, mesentery with lacteals; 8, receptacle 
of chyle; 9, the thoracic duct emptying 
its contents into the left subclavian vein ; 
-10, broDobei* of portal vein leading to 
liver : 11, an hepdtic vein leading from 
the liver to the large ascending vein ;, 
12, the large a8c<^nding vein cut off at its 
junction with the heart ; 13, the large 
descending vein cut off in like manner. 





Front view of the organs of circulation, 
Veins,black; arteries, with transverse lines. 
Parts on the right side of figure are re- 
moved to show some of the deep vessels, 
while the left side shows superficial vessels. 



Section of the Heart. 
^ Right Ventricle. B, F, Inlets to the Ventricles. 

B, Left 

C, Right Auricle. 

D, Left Auricle. 




g\ Puimonary Artery. 
H« Aorta. 



The Valves of thk 
Veins kighi.y magnified. 



LESSON VI 
SPECIAL TREATMENTS 



RHEUMATISM AND KINDRED DISEASES 



RHEUMATISM 

Osteopathy teaches that every organ and part of the body 
will function properly, providing that there is no irregular 
skeleton adjustment; no interference with the circulation; no 
interruption of the nerve force. This being granted, Rheuma- 
tism is but one form of the manifestation of imperfect or ab- 
normal conditions, arising from one or more of the causes 
indicated above. 

Rheumatism in any part of the body is simply an indication 
that there is an interference with the circulation or an inter- 
ference with the impulses reaching the part from the nervous 
system. We find in practice that the obstruction or interference 
usually comes from the contraction of certain muscles, the cir- 
culation thus being interfered with and partially shut off. 
The muscles the contraction of which so interfere with the 
circulation, are more frequently the muscles of the thigh, and 
the muscles of the shoulder. 

A General Osteopathic Treatment is found to be most 
beneficial in the treatment of Rheumatism, in its several forms, 
although we have indicated special treatments in the more 
common forms. You must use your own judgment, and adapt 
your treatment to the requirements of each particular case. 
Once learn the dififerent movements and manipulations thor- 
oughly, and you will almost instinctively use the movement or 
manipulation best adapted to the case. 

The treatment given for Rheumatism is intended to cover 
the several manifestations or forms of this complaint, the cause 
being the same in all the different forms. 

In the case of Stiff Neck, give the General Neck Treatment, 
combined with the treatment given for rheumatism. In 



8 



Osteopathy. 




Sciatica, give the Rheumatism treatment, together with a thor- 
ough manipulation of the lower portion of the spine. We have 
given a valuable special treatment for Lumbago. 

RHEUMATISM IN THE LEGS 

(i) Begin with Spinal Treatment, as follows: The pa« 
tient on his side, then using the palmar surface of the fingers 
and hand, manipulate along the right side of the spinal column, 
commencing at the first cervical, and moving down the entire 
length of the spine. Move the muscles upward and outward 
gently, but firmly and with a deep pressure, paying special at- 
spinai Treatment tcution wherevcr you find a tender spot, a hot or cold spot, 
or a knotted condition of the muscles. Then turning him on 
his other side, treat the opposite side in the same manner. Take 
your time in giving this treatment. Avoid using the finger 
tips. 

(2) Then give Flexion and Extension of the Leg, as fol- 
lows : The patient on his back, place one hand on the knee, 
the other under the sole of the foot, and move the leg up and 
down to and from the chest. Repeat several times. (Active.) 

(3) Then knead the Thigh and Leg as follows: Palmar 
Kneading is akin to the movements of the hand of the baker as 
he kneads his dough. The operator grasps the muscle with 

Kneading with the palm of his hand, keeping the fingers close together, the 
thumbs out. The thumb is not used, the muscle being grasped 
between the fingers and the palm of the hand, the heel of the 
hand, or the lower fleshy part of the thumb. Do not allow 
the skin to slip, but maintain a firm grasp. Manipulate deeply 
so as to reach the deeper parts. The muscle should be com- 
^ pressed by the hand and at the same time gently lifted from 
the bone or underlying tissues, rolled and stretched. When 
the strain is greatest, release so as to stimulate. Work slowly 
and carefully, repeating the manipulations according to the 
requirements of the case, and the state of the patient. In the 
beginning, do not exert much force, but later on increase the 
force as the patient becomes accustomed to it. Try to in- 
dividualize groups of muscles, as the best results are thus ob- 
tained. Use the hands alternately. In some cases it is also 
desirable to use a rolling movement, the heel of the hand and 
the fleshy part of the thumb being pressed upon the muscle 





Beating Sciatic Nerve. 



Osteopathy. 



which is then rolled to and fro, the fingers not being used. 
Use one or both hands. Digital Kneading is eflfected by grasp- 
ing the tissue between the ends of the fingers and thumb, and 
then rubbing the tissue against the bone. Either the end of 
one finger, or of several, may be used in connection with the 
thumb. 

(4) Then Rotate the Leg as follows : The patient on his 
back, place one hand on the sole of his foot, the other under 
his knee ; raise the leg and rotate from the hip outward. Repeat 
several times with each leg. 

(5) Then Extend Foot as follows: The patient on his 
back, take his toes in one hand and his ankle in the other. 
Move the foot backward and forward. If you prefer, operate 
on both feet at the same lime. Repeat several times. 

Treat every day until marked relief is experienced. Then 
treat every other day. 

RHEUMATISM IN THE ARMS 

(i) Begin treatment with Spinal Treatment, as follows: 
The patient on his side, then using the palmar surface of the 
fingers and hand, manipulate along the right side of the 
spinal column, commencing at the first cervical, and moving 
down the entire length of the spine. Move the muscles upward 
and outward gently, but firmly with a deep pressure, paying 
special attention wherever you find a tender spot, a hot or cold 
spot, or a knotted condition of the muscles. Then turning 
him on his other side, treat the opposite side in the same man- 
ner. Take your time in giving this treatment. Avoid using 
the finger tips. 

(2) Then give Neck Treatment as follows: The patient 
lying on his back, stand at his head and place one hand on 
his forehead, the other under his neck, and rotate the head 
slowly from side to side. Then manipulate thoroughly and 
deeply the muscles of the back, sides and front of the neck. 
Then place the hands in the first position, and give the neck 
a thorough extension or stretching, gently but firmly, being 
careful not to rotate the head. This treatment frees the circu- 
lation to the brain. 

(3) Then Stretch the Arm and Shoulder Joints, as fol- 
lows : The patient on his back, with head and shoulders raised 




Spinal Treatment 




Extending Neck. 



lO 



Osteopathy. 




on pillow, and arms extended over his head, stand at his head 
^ and take his hands in yours, passing your thumb between his 
thumb and forefinger, letting your fingers pass around the 
fleshy part of his thumb and back of his hand. Make several 
vigorous elastic pulls, avoiding sudden jerks. Make the pulls 
gradually, then withdraw the force suddenly. Repeat several 

\ li times. 

(4) Then give the Chest Expansion treatment, as follows : 
Seat your patient on a stool or chair (if a chair, let him face 

y Z' / its back) and stand behind him. Place your foot on the seat 
of the chair, the tip of your toe being up against, or under, the 
body of the patient. Place your knee between the patient's 
shoulders, holding his wrists in each hand. Raise his arms 



[^ (sideways) up and over his head, slowly but strongly, and 
press hard with your knee against his spine. Then maintain- 
ing the pressure of your knee, lower the arms with a backward 
motion. The patient should inhale, filling the lungs, while 
the arms are being raised ; exhaling as the arms are lowered. 

(5) Then Rotate his Arms and Shoulders, as follows: 
The patient on his back or sitting up, place one hand on his 
shoulder, and with your other hand take hold of his elbow and 
rotate the arm around the head. 

(6) Then Knead his Arms as follows : Palmar Kneading 
is akin to the movement of the hand of the baker as he kneads 

Kneading the Arm. his dough. The Operator grasps the muscle with the palm 
of his hand, keeping the fingers close together, the thumbs out. 
The thumb is not used, the muscle being grasped between 
the fingers and the plam of the hand, the heel of the hand, or 
the lower fleshy part of the thumb. Do not allow the skin 
to slip, but maintain a firm grasp. Manipulate deeply so as to 
reach the deeper parts. The muscle should be compressed by 
the hand and at the same time gently lifted from the bone or 
underlying tissues, rolled and stretched. When the strain is 
greatest, release so as to stimulate. Work slowly and care- 
fully, repeating the manipulations according to the require- 
ments of the case, and the state of the patient. In the begin- 
ning, do not exert much force, but later on increase the force 
as the patient becomes accustomed to it. Try to individualize 
^Surface Kneading, groups of musclcs, as the best rcsults are thus obtained. Use 




Wringing Move- 
ment. 




Osteopathy. 



II 



the hands alternately. In some cases it is also desirable to 
use a rolling movement, the heel of the hand and the fleshy 
part of the thumb being pressed upon the muscle which is 
then rolled to and fro, the fingers not being used. Use one or 
both hands. Digital Kneading is effected by grasping the 
tissue between the ends of the fingers and thumb, and then 
rubbing the tissue against the bone. Either the end of one 
finger, or of several, may be used in connection with the thumb. 
Treat every day until a decided relief is experienced; then 
every other day. 

RHEUMATISM IN ENTIRE SYSTEM 

Treat by combining the treatments given above for Rheu- 
matism in the Legs and in the Arms, with special Kneading 
and Manipulating of the affected parts. Finish with General 
Treatment. 

LUMBAGO (BACK ACHE) 

( 1 ) Begin treatment with Spinal Treatment, as follows : 
The patient on his side, then using the palmar surface of the 
fingers and hand, manipulate along the right side of the spinal 
column, commencing at the first cervical, and moving down the 
entire length of the spine. Move the muscles upward and out- 
ward gently, but firmly and with a deep pressure, paying spe- 
cial attention wherever you find a tender spot, a hot or cold 
spot, or a knotted condition of the muscles. Then turning him 
on his other side, treat the opposite side in the same manner. 
Take your time in giving this treatment. Avoid using the 
finger tips. 

(2) Then give Neck Treatment, as follows: The patient 
lying on his back, stand at his head and place one hand on his 
forehead, the other under his neck, and rotate the head slowly 
from side to side. Then manipulate thoroughly and deeply 
the muscles of the back, sides and front of the neck. Then 
place the hands in the first position, and give the neck a thor- 
ough extension or stretching, gently but firmly, being careful 
not to rotate the head. This treatment frees the circulation to 
the brain. 

(3) Then give Flexion and Extension of the Legs, as fol- 
lows : The patient on his back, place one hand on the knee, the 




Surface Kneading. 




Spinal Treatment 




Extending Neck. 



12 



Osteopathy. 




Kneading the Back 





Kneading the Glutei, 




Slapping. 



Other under the sole of the foot, and move the leg up and down 
to and from the chest. Repeat several times. (Active.) 
y (4) Then Knead the Small of the Back, as follows: 
Palmar Kneading is akin to the movement of the hand of the 
baker as he kneads his dough. The operator grasps the muscle 
with the plam of his hand, keeping the fingers close together, 
the thumbs out. The thumb is not used, the muscle being 
grasped between the fingers and the palm of the hand, the heel 
of the hand, or the lower fleshy part of the thumb. Do not 
allow the skin to slip, but maintain a firm grasp. Manipulate 
deeply so as to reach the deeper parts. The muscle should be 
compressed by the hand and at the same time gently lifted 
from the bone or underlying tissues, rolled and stretched. 
When the strain is greatest, release so as to stimulate. Work 
slowly and carefully, repeating the manipulations, according 
to the requirements of the case, and the state of the patient. 
In the beginning, do not exert much force, but later on increase 
the force as the patient becomes accustomed to it. Try to 
individualize groups of muscles, as the best results are thus 
obtained. Use the hands alternately. In some cases it is also 
desirable to use a rolling movement, the heel of the hand and 
the fleshy part of the thumb being placed upon the muscle, 
which is then rolled to and fro, the fingers not being used. 
Use one or both hands. Digital Kneading is effected by grasp- 
ing the tissue between the ends of the fingers and thumb, and 
then rubbing the tissue against the bone. Either the end of one 
finger, or of several, may be used in connection with the thumb. 

(5) Then Rub the Small of the Back, as follows: In 
rubbing, the palm of the hand, and the lower part of the fingers 
should be used, the tips of the fingers and the thumb being 
turned back. It is beneficial in stimulating the parts, and pro- 
moting the flow of the blood and the lymph. 

(6) Then administer Percussion to the small of the back, 
as follows : Percussion consists of administering blows to dif- 
ferent parts of the body, with varying degrees of force. The 
wrist should be flexible and loose, as a stiff wrist gives a blow 
such as is used in fighting. The blow should be elastic and 
springy, which, although penetrating deeply, does not injure 
the surface. Percussion can be given by several methods, which 



Osteopathy. 



13 



we will now briefly describe. The first method is by striking 
the body with the inside flat surface of the half-closed fist, the 
heel of the hand and the closed ends of the fingers coming in 
•contact with the flesh. The second method is a chopping 
movement, made with the little finger side of the hand. The 
hand is likened to a butcher's cleaver in this chopping move- 
ment. The fingers are held loosely apart, coming together 
when the blow is struck. The third method is a slapping move- 
ment, which is best comprehended by the position and move- 
ment of the hand of the mother administering a well-merited 
spanking to one of her brood. The fingers are held rigid, and 
the body slapped. The fourth method is a clapping movement, 
the hand being shaped so as to emit a hollow sound; just as 
one holds his hands in applauding at a theater or concert. The 
fifth method is a tapping movement with the tips of the fingers, 
one or more fingers of one or both hands being used. Per- 
cussion, in its different forms, is a powerful stimulant to the 
nerve centers. 

(7) Place the patient on his side, and place your hand 
under his knee, and then lift up his leg with a sideways motion, 
at the same time using your other hand to manipulate the 
muscles on the side of the spinal column, commencing at 
the lumbar vertebra and working down to the lower part 
of the sacrum. (See cut.) 

(8) Finish by stroking the entire Back, as follows: This 
treatment is useful in producing sedative or quieting effects. It 
should be applied with a very light contact, the tips of the 
fingers, or the palm of the hand, just barely touching the pa- 
tient. In some cases it will produce a feeling of drowsiness on 
the part of the patient. It never fails to quiet down the pa- 
tient, equalize the circulation and relieve an excess of stimula- 
tion. Stroking should always be performed in a downward 
and outward direction, and in one direction only, not to-and- 
fro. The tips of one, more or all of the fingers, or the palmar 
surface of one or both hands, are moved gently over the skin, 
with a light contact, not even the mere weight of the hand 
being allowed to press upon the surface of the skin. Lightness, 
gentleness and airiness are the words best describing the Strok- 




Chopping Move- 
ment. 




Treating Lumbago. 




Stroking. 



14 



Osteopathy. 




Spinal Treatment 




Extending Neck. 



Treat frequently. This treatment is one of the best ever 
given for this very common trouble, and you should get quite 
satisfactory results from it. It is very thorough and effective, 
and you should thoroughly familiarize yourself with it, as the 
movements, etc., will prove useful in the treatment of other 
complaints, particularly Kidney Troubles and Female Com- 
plaints; in fact, this treatment alone has cured many cases of 
the last two named complaints. 

GOUT 

( I ) Begin treatment by giving Spinal Treatment, as f ol • 
lows : The patient on his side, then using the palmar surface 
of the fingers and hand, manipulate along the right side of the 
spinal column, commencing at the first cervical, and moving 
down the entire length of the spine. Move the muscles upward 
and outward gently but firmly and with a deep pressure, pay- 
ing special attention wherever you find a tender spot, a hot or 
cold spot, or a knotted condition of the muscles. Then turning 
him on his other side, treat the opposite side in the same man- 
ner. Take your time in giving this treatment. Avoid using the 
finger tips. 

(2) Then give Neck Treatment, as follows: The patient 
lying on his back, stand at his head and place one hand on his 
forehead, the other under his neck, and rotate the head slowly 
from side to side. Then manipulate thoroughly and deeply 
the muscles of the back, sides and front of the neck. Then 
place the hands in the first position, and give the neck a 
thorough extension or stretching, gently but firmly, being care- 
ful not to rotate the head. This treatment frees the circula- 
tion to the brain. 

(3) Then give Flexion and Extension of the Leg, as fol- 
lows: The patient on his back, place one hand on the knee, 
the other under the sole of the foot, and move the leg up and 
down to and from the chest. Repeat several times. (Active.) 

(4) Give General Treatment. Treat frequently. 



LESSON VII 
SPECIAL TREATMENTS 



GOITRE AND TUMORS 



GOITRE 

Goitre is an enlargement of the thyroid gland. The thyroid 
gland is situated at the front of the neck, and ordinarily, at- 
tracts no attention, but when under certain conditions the gland 
becomes enlarged, a swelling of the neck is produced, which 
becomes quite noticeable. This swelling sometimes attains 
enormous size, cases having been observed in which the size 
of the neck was much greater than that of the head. In some 
cases of Goitre, the patient suffers nothing beyond the annoy- 
ance occasioned by the impediment to the free movement of 
the head and neck, while in other cases, much trouble is caused 
by the pressure upon the windpipe, causing difficulty in breath- 
ing and swallowing, and often produces an obstinate cough, 
which weakens the patient. This disease has always puzzled 
and baffled the Drug Doctors, and many are the theories ad- 
vanced in an attempt to explain the cause of the trouble. The 
Osteopathic theory is rational and simple, and has never been 
successfully contradicted. We claim that Goitre is caused by 
an obstruction of the circulation of the blood supplying the 
thyroid gland, thus occasioning a swelling or enlargement of 
the gland. This being granted, it follows that a removal of 
this obstruction and a consequent restoration of normal condi- 
tions, will cause the Goitre to be absorbed and carried off by 
the system. Some Osteopathic practitioners have found that 
in many cases of Goitre, the clavicle, or collar-bone, has been 
depressed and has obstructed the venous circulation from the 
thyroid gland, thus preventing the escape of blood and causing 
the enlargement of the gland. Stretching the muscles in the 
vicinity and raising the clavicle affords immediate relief, and 
has effected many cures. This treatment, in connection with 
General Osteopathic Treatment, gives an ideal treatment for 
this complaint, which has baffled and routed the Drug Doctors. 

15 



i6 



Osteopathy. 




Raising Clavicle. 




Spinal Treatment 




Expanding Chest. 



TREATMENT 

(1) Standing behind the patient, place your left hand 
around his neck and insert the thumb of that hand under the 
middle of the right clavicle. Take hold of the patient's right 
wrist, with your other hand, and slowly raise his arm above 
his head, and lower with a slightly backward motion. At 
the time you lower the arm, press the clavicle up with the 
thumb that is under it. Treat the other clavicle in like 
manner. 

(2) Then give Spinal Treatment, as follows: The patient 
on his side, then using the palmar surface of the fingers and 
hand, manipulate along the right side of the spinal column, 
commencing at the first cervical, and moving down the entire 
?ength of the spine. Move the muscles upward and outward 
gently, but firmly, and with a deep pressure, paying special 
attention wherever you find a tender spot, a hot or cold spot, 
or a knotted condition of the muscles. Then turning him on 
his other side, treat the opposite side in the same manner. Take 
your time in giving this treatment. Avoid using the finger tips. 

(3) Then give Neck Treatment, as follows: The patient 
lying on his back, stand at his head and place one hand on his 
forehead, the other under his neck, and rotate the head slowly 
from side to side. Then manipulate thoroughly and deeply 
the muscles of the back, sides and front of the neck. Then 
place the hands in the first position, and give the neck a thor- 
ough extension or stretching, gently but firmly, being careful 
not to rotate the head. This treatment frees the circulation to 
the brain. 

(4) Then give Chest Expansion, as follows: Seat your 
patient on a stool or chair (if a chair, let him face its back) 
and stand behind him. Place your foot on the seat of the 
chair, the tip of your toe being up against, or under, the body 
of the patient. Place your knee between the patient's shoul- 
ders, holding his wrists in each hand. Raise his arms (side- 
ways) up and over his head, slowly but strongly, and press 
hard with your knee against his spine. Then maintaining the 
pressure of your knee, lower the arms with a backward motion. 
The patient should inhale, filling the lungs, while the arms are 
being raised ; exhaling as the arms are lowered. 

(5) Then place fingers under the goitre, pulling it upward 
and kneading it gently. 

(6) Then give thorough General Treatment. Treat every 
other dav. 



Osteopathy. 



17 



FLESHY TUMORS 

Fleshy Tumors originate, as do goitres, in an obstruction 
of the venous circulation, the veins not being able to carry off 
the blood on its return trip to the heart. 

TREATMENT 

(i) Give Goitre Treatment. 

(2) Then knead the muscles and flesh in the vicinity of 
the tumor, as follows, also kneading and moving the tumor 
itself, gently, in all directions : 

Palmar Kneading is akin to the movement of the hand of 
the maker as he kneads his dough. The operator grasps the 
muscle with the palm of his hand, keeping the fingers close 
together, the thumbs out. The thumb is not used^ the muscle 
being grasped between the fingers and the palm of the hand, 
the heel of the hand, or the lower fleshy part of the thumb. 
Do not allow the skin to slip, but maintain a firm grasp. 
Manipulate deeply so as to reach the deeper parts. The muscle 
should be compressed by the hand and at the same time gently 
lifted from the bone or underlying tissues, rolled and stretchecl. 
When the stram is greatest, release so as to stimulate. Work 
slowly and carefully, repeating the manipulations according 
to the requirements of the case, and the state of the patient. 
In the beginning, do not exert much force, but later on in- 
crease the force as the patient becomes accustomed to it. Try 
to individualize groups of muscles, as the best results are thus 
obtained. Use the hands alternately. In some cases it is also 
desirable to use a rolling movement, the heel of the hand and 
the fleshy part of the thumb being pressed upon the muscle 
which is then rolled to and fro, the fingers not being used. 
Use one or both hands. Digital Kneading is effected by grasp- 
ing the tissue between the ends of the fingers and thumb, and 
then rubbing the tissue against the bone. Either the end of 
one finger, or of several, may be used in connection with the 
thumb. 

(3) Finish by giving thorough General Treatment. Treat 
every other day. 




Manipulation, 




Manipulation. 



SCROFULA 

This disease is caused by an abnormal constitutional condi- 
tion, manifesting in inflammation and suppuration of the 
lymph-glands, ulcers, etc. Scrofula is, in fact, scarcely a spe- 



i8 Osteopathy. 

cific disease, but an abnormal constitutional condition, which 
predisposes the system to certain diseases, and diminishes the 
power of recovery. This condition may be either inherited 
or acquired, but is most frequently manifested in children of 
consumptive and syphilitic parents, and in those whose youth 
has been passed in bad environments, and who have had in- 
sufficient and improper food, impure air and damp rooms. 

TREATMENT 

Give thorough General Treatment. Treat frequently. 



DISEASES OF THE, SKIN 

Osteopathy teaches that the majority of Diseases of the 
Skin, if indeed not all, arise from an obstruction to the lym- 
phatic circulation. Consequently the ideal treatment is the Os-^ 
teopathic General Treatment, which will free the circulation, re- 
moving obstructions, and stimulating the entire system, and re- 
storing normal conditions. In cases of Boils, etc., in addition 
to the General Treatment, you should give local manipulations 
in the immediate region of the Boil, moving the muscles in all 
directions to free the circulation. 



DISEASES OF THE BONES AND JOINTS 

There is no better treatment for diseases of this class, than 
the Osteopathic General Treatment, special attention being 
given to manipulation and movements of the affected parts. 
When the circulation is free and equalized the improvement 
will be speedily apparent. Treatment should be given once a 
day until a marked improvement is noted; then every other 
day. 

GENERAL DEBILITY (OLD AGE) 

There is no better treatment for this trouble than Oste- 
opathy. A thorough General Treatment does much to restore 
normal conditions, equalize the circulation, and stimulate the 
system. It is a veritable Elixir of Youth to the aged and in- 
firm, and often acts almost like a miracle. 

TREATMENT 

• (i) Give thorough General Treatmnt. 



Osteopathy. 



19 



DISEASES OF THE, EYE, EAR AND 
THROAT 

This class of diseases yields very readily to Osteopathic 
treatment, and many an Osteopath has earned his first laurels 
in speedily curing diseases of this class after they have been 
pronounced incurable by the Drug Doctors, and after the pa- 
tient had expended hundreds of dollars to no effect. 

Diseases of the Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat are caused by 
a contracted condition of the muscles of the neck, and a conse- 
qeunt obstruction to the circulation, particularly the venous 
circulation, by which the blood is carried back to the heart. 
Obstructions and interferences of this kind naturally result in 
a diseased condition of these organs, and the only possible 
cure is to free the circulation and restore normal conditions. 
The following treatment will prove very valuable in diseases 
of the Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat, and we will refer to it under 
each head, accompanying it with such special treatment as may 
be indicated. In order that it may be distinguished from other 
treatments, we will call it, for convenience, the Combined 
Neck Treatment. You will notice that this Combined 
Neck Treatment is merely our regular Neck Treatment com- 
bined with a few other regular movements that tend to free the 
circulation of the neck. 

COMBINED NECK TREATMENT 

(i) Begin by giving a thorough Neck Treatment, as fol- 
lows : 

The patient lying on his back, stand at his head and place 
one hand on his forehead, the other under his neck, and rotate 
the head slowly from side to side. Then manipulate thorough- 
ly and deeply the muscles of the back, sides and front of the 
neck. Then place the hands in the first position and give 
the neck a thorough extension or stretching, gently but firmly, 
being careful not to rotate the head. This treatment frees the 
circulation to the brain, 

(2) Then give Spinal Extension, as follows: 

The patient on his back, grasp his shoulders, your fingers 
under his armpits. An assistant holds the patient's ankles. 
The patient relaxes and you give a careful stretching or exten- 
sion of the spine, gentle but firm, for about one minute. This 
frees the circulation of the spinal cord and relieves pressure 
upon the spinal nerves. spi^^i 




Extending Neck. 




Extension, 



20 



Osteopathy, 




stroking. 



(3) Then Rotate the Arm and Shoulder, as follows : 
The patient on his back or sitting up, place one hand on his 

shoulder, and with your other hand take hold of his elbow and 
rotate the arm around the head. 

(4) Finish by Stroking the head and neck, and around 
the affected parts. 

Remember that the Neck Treatment must be very thorough, 
as therein lies most of the virtue of the treatment. The 
muscles must be manipulated until they feel soft and flexible. 



DISE.ASE.S OF THE EYE 

GRANULATED EYELIDS 

This is a most annoying disease, which comes from long 
continued inflammation, and shows itself in granular excres- 
cences on the inner surface of the eyelids. 

TREATMENT 

( 1 ) Begin by giving the Combined Neck Treatment, here- 
tofore described. 

(2) Then with the inner surface of the end of the second 
fingers of each hand, manipulate the eye (closed) and its 
muscles, gently but firmly. Press the ends of the fingers 
slightly under the edge of the bone and move gently. This 
treatment will afford relief at once, and will greatly stimulate 
and strengthen the eye. Then with your thumb and forefinger, 
gather up the eyelids, gently, and slightly press them together, 
or pinch them gently. This will stim.ulate the eyelids, and will 

Extending Neck, cause the granules to be absorbed. 

Treat every other day. You should be able to cure an 
ordinary case in one or two months. Some wonderful cures 
have been made by Osteopathists giving the above treatment. 

INFLAMMATION OF THE EYES 

Give the same treatment as that recommended for Granu- 
lated Eyelids, and also manipulate well in the neighborhood of 
the eye, and apply Vibration over the eye ball, the eye being of. 
course closed. 

CATARACT 

Osteopathy has cured many cases of this dread disease, al- 
though considerable time is required to effect a cure, some- 




Osteopathy, 



21 



cases taking as much as six months, while others are reUeved 
in say two months' time. 

TREATMENT 

Give the same treatment as recommended for Granulated 
Eyelids, and also manipulate well in the neighborhood of the 
eye, and apply Vibration to the eye ball, the eye being, of / 
course, closed. 

MISCELLANEOUS 

Many cases of weak eyes, nearsightedness, etc., etc., have 
been materially benefited or cured by the treatment above 
recommended. 

DISE^ASE^ OF THU EAR 

DEAFNESS, EARACHE, ETC 

The following treatment will be found valuable in all cases 
of trouble in the ear: 

(i) Begin by^ giving the Combined Neck Treatment, here- 
tofore described. 

(2) Manipulate thoroughly all the muscles around the 
ear, and in its neighborhood, and insert the end of your finger 
in the ears, manipulating gently and carefully so as to free the 
circulation, finishing by taking hold of the lobe of the ear be- 
tween your thumb and forefinger, and pulling it gently down- 
ward and backward, thus freeing the circulation. 

(3) Give a thorough Vibration over the Ear, as follows: 

This form of treatment is a very powerful stimulant. It 
consists of certain oscillatory movements, produced through a 
succession of rapid individual efforts of the operator's hand. 
There should be little or no perceptible strain upon the arm 
muscles of the operator. The palm of the hand or the fingers 
must be placed firmly upon the parts to be treated, the arm 
being held straight and a fine trembling or vibrating movement 
communicated to the hand by the muscles of the upper part of 
the arm. The movement is somewhat difficult of acquirement, 
but you must persist until the desired movement is acquired, for 
this is one of the most stimulating and penetrating of all the 
methods of Osteopathic treatment, its effect being quite per- 
ceptible and almost akin to the effects of a current of electricity. 
It has a stimulating and strengthening effect upon the nerves, 
aivi acts strongly upon the venous circulation and upon the 




Extending Neck. 




Kneading Neck. 




Digital Vibration. 



22 



Osteopathy, 



lymphatics. Be careful not to press upon the body with your 
wrist, as you should use no greater pressure than the weight 
of your hand. When properly administered by one hand on 
the breast, the vibrations should be distinctly felt by the other 
hand placed under the back of the patient. 

This treatment will materially relieve, or cure, many cases 
of long seated troubles of the ear. The time required is from 
one to three months, although sometimes results are obtained 
in a much shorter time. Treat every day, if possible. 




Holding Vaso- 
Motor. 



DISEASES OF THE. NOSE 

NASAL CATARRH-TREATMENT 

( 1 ) Begin by giving the Combined Neck Treatment, here- 
tofore described. 

(2) Thoroughly manipulate the nose, from the corners of 
the eyes down to the lower part of the nose. Also manipulate 
the muscles in the neighborhood of the eyes and nose. Finish 
by giving Vibration at the upper part of the nose. 

NOSE BLEED— TREATMENT 

Press upon the Vaso-Motor centre, as follows : 
Place the fingers on each side of the back of the neck and 
press with fingers on each side of the spine over the upper 
cervicals (vaso-motor center) for two or thr^e minutes. This 
will slow the action of the heart. 



DISE,ASE,S OF THE, THROAT 

The Combined Neck Treatment is the proper treatment for 
diseases of the Throat, and the Osteopathic General Treatment 
should also be given when possible, as the latter will stimulate 
the entire system, and give the patient more vitality and power 
to throw off abnormal conditions. In cases of Croup or Sore 
Throat, place the forefinger in the mouth and gently manipu- 
late the inner parts of the throat thoroughly, loosening up any 
membranous substance that may have formed there. 



LESSON VIII 
SPECIAL TREATMENTS 



DISEASES OF THE. NERVOUS SYSTEM 



NEURALGIA 

The best treatment for Neuralgia is a thorough General 
Osteopathic Treatment, accompanied by special manipulation 
of the affected parts. The real cause of the trouble may be 
in conditions existing in some part of the system apparently 
having no connection with the trouble. By stimulating the 
entire system, equalizing the circulation, removing obstruc- 
tions, free the nerve force, etc., normal conditions are restored, 
and trouble disappears. Frequent treatments should be given 
until a material improvement is noted. 

HEADACHE 

Headaches arise from a number of causes, but can nearly 
always be relieved by the following simple treatment : 

TREATMENT 

( 1 ) Begin by giving a thorough Neck Treatment, as fol- 
lows: The patient lying on his back, stand at his head and 
place one hand on his forehead, the other under his neck, and 
rotate the head slowly from side to side. Then manipulate Extending Neck, 
thoroughly and deeply the muscles of the back, sides and front 

oi the neck. Then place the hands in the first position, and 
give the neck a thorough extension or stretching, gently but 
firmly, being careful not to rotate the head. This treatment 
frees the circulation to the brain. 

(2) Then give pressure on the Vaso-Motor Nerve Cen- 
ter, as follows : Place the fingers on each side of the back of 
the neck and press with fingers on each side of the spine over 
the upper cervicals (vaso-motor center) for two or three min- 
utes. This will slow the action of the heart. 

(3) Place one hand on the forehead and the other on the ^ 
back of the head, and exert a firm, steady pressure; then place Holding vaso- 
•one hand on each side of the head, just above and slightly in 

23 





Motor. 



24 



Osteopathy. 




stroking. 




Spinal Treatment 



front of the top of the ear, and press firmly and steadily ; then 
place one of your middle fingers on each temple, and press firmly 
but not too hard upon the temple, at the same time executing 
a rotary motion with the tips of your fingers, not allowing them 
to slip over the skin, however, the motion being more in the 
nature of Digital Manipulation than Rubbing. 

(4) Finish by gently Stroking the Head and Face, as fol- 
lows : If you can get the patient to lie down, you had better 
finish the treatment with a Stroking of the entire body, from 
head to feet. We herewith give directions for Stroking: 

(5) This treatment will usually afford great relief, or an 
entire cure within a few minutes. If it appears to be Nervous 
Headache (which usually manifest themselves at the top of the 
head) you should also give a thorough Spinal Treatment, as 
follows : The patient on his side, then using the palmar sur- 
face of the fingers and hand, manipulate along the right side 
of the spinal column, commencing at the first cervical, and 
moving down the entire length of the spine. Move the muscles 
upward and outward, gently but firmly, and with a deep pres- 
sure, paying special attention wherever you find a tender spot, 
a hot or cold spot, or a knotted condition of the muscles. Then 
turning him on his other side, treat the opposite side in the 
same manner. Take your time in giving this treatment. Avoid 
using the finger tips. 

If it is what is generally known as a "Sick Headache," 
which arises from the stomach, you should in addition give the 
treatment given elsewhere for Dyspepsia. 

HICCOUGH 

This trouble is caused by a spasmodic contraction of the 
diaphragm, which is controlled by the phrenic nerve. Pres- 
sure on the phrenic nerve will relieve the most obstinate case 
of hiccough almost instantly. 

TREATMENT 

(i) Begin by pressing upon the phrenic nerve, as fol- 
lows : Seat your patient on a stool or chair, standing behind 
. him. Place the fingers of each hand upon the transverse 
Nerve. proccsscs of the third, fourth and fifth cervicals. Press the 
fingers forward and down in front of the transverse processes, 
and press upon the phrenic nerve, which controls the dia- 
phragm. 

(2) Then give Expansion of the Chest, as follows : Seat 
your patient on a stool or chair (if a chair, let him face its 




Osteopathy. 



25 



back) and stand behind him. Place your foot on the seat of 
the chair, the tip of your toe being up against, or under, the 
body of the patient. Place your knee between the patient's 
shoulders, holding his wrists in each hand. Raise his arms 
(sideways) up and over his head, slowly but strongly, and 
press hard with your knee against his spine. Then maintain- 
ing the pressure of your knee, lower the arms with a back- 
ward motion. The patient should inhale, filling the lungs, while 
the arms are being raised ; exhaling as the arms are lowered. 

(3) Finish by giving a gentle, soothing stroking of the 
head and face, or the whole body if deemed necessary, as fol- 
lows : This treatment is useful in producing sedative or quiet- 
ing eflfects. It should be applied with a very light contact, the 
tips of the fingers, or the palm of the hand, just barely touch- 
ing the patient. In some cases it will produce a feeling of 
■drowsiness on the part of the patient. It never fails to quiet 
down the patient, equalize the circulation and relieve an excess 
of stimulation. Stroking should always be performed in a 
downward and outward direction, and in one direction only, 
not to-and-fro. The tips of one, more or all of the fingers, 
or the palmar surface of one or both hands, are moved gently 
over the skin, with a light contact, not even the mere weight 
of the hand being allowed to press upon the surface of the 
skin. Lightness, gentleness, and airiness are the words best 
describing the Stroking movement. 

PARALYSIS 

Osteopathy teaches that this dread disease is caused by a 
pressure upon certain nerves or nerve centers. The trouble 
can generally be traced to the spinal column, and the treat- 
ment consequently is based upon this fact. Before treating for 
paralysis you should make a thorough examination of the 
Spine, as explained in the lesson on General Treatment, pay- 
ing special attention to ascertaining whether the vertebrae are 
all in line. In sonie cases you will find a slight dislocation 
which will have been occasioned by the contraction of a muscle, 
and which has resulted in a pressure on the spinal cord, caus- 
ing paralysis of some particular part, or the entire body. 

TREATMENT 

Give a thorough General Treatment (as described under 
that heading), paying special attention to the Spinal Treat- 
ment, Spinal Extension, Neck Treatment, and Flexing and Ex- 
tending the Legs. If a slight dislocation is found, give special 




Expanding Chest. 




Stroking. 




Spinal Extension. 



26 Osteopathy. 

manipulation of the surrounding muscles, and give Spinal Ex- 
tension which will allow the vertebrae to slip back in place, and 
thus relieve the pressure. 

ATROPHY 

This disease is practically a starving of the muscles, caus- 
ing a shrinking and withering. It is caused by an interference 
with the nerves controlling the arteries supplying the affected 
part. Osteopathy offers the only known remedy for this terri- 
ble disease. 

TREATMENT 

Give a thorough General Treatment, paying particular at- 
tention to the Spinal Treatment and manipulation and stretch- 
ing of the afflicted part. There is nothing better than a good 
General Treatment, as in that treatment the entire system is 
stimulated, the circulation equalized and the nerves and nerve 
centers freed. 

LOCOMOTOR ATAXIA 

This disease is caused by an obstruction to the circulation 
and nerve current, just as is Paralysis and Atrophy. The treat- 
ment is practically the same. 

TREATMENT 

Give a thorough, careful General Treatment, paying par- 
ticular attention to the Spinal Treatment, Spinal Extension, 
Flexing and Extension of the Legs. 

INSANITY 

Many Osteopathic practitioners have cured cases of Insan- 
ity which were undoubtedly occasioned by obstructions to the 
circulation and nerve current, generally some pressure upon the 
spinal cord. 

TREATMENT 

Give a good, thorough General Treatment, paying special 
attention to the Spinal Treatment. 

EPILEPSY CTITS^) 

Osteopathy teaches that this disease is frequently caused 
by a partial dislocation of some of the other upper cervical 
vertebrae, and that if such dislocation can be remedied a cure 
can be effected. Eminent authorities state that their experi- 
ence is that about 25 per cent of cases of Epilepsy are caused 
by the above mentioned dislocation, but that the causes of the 



Osteopathy. 



27 



Other 75 per cent have not yet been discovered. We beheve 
that Osteopathy will eventually discover the cause of the ma- 
jority of these cases, and the cure will follow. We believe, 
however, that every case of Epilepsy can be benefited by a 
thorough General Treatment. 

TREATMENT 

, (i) The patient on his back, place your left hand upon 
the top of his head, your right hand and arm beneath his head 
and neck, your fingers two upon each side of the fourth dorsal 
vertebrae, pressing the muscles upward toward his head ; at 
the same time pressing w4th your left hand firmly upon the 
top of his head and rotating it from side to side, working 
your right hand gradually upward until you reach the occipital. 

( 2 ) Then give thorough Neck Treatment, as follows : The 
patient lying on his back, stand at his head and place one hand 
on his forehead, the other under his neck, and rotate the head 
slowly from side to side. Then manipulate thoroughly and 
deeply the muscles of the back, sides and front of the neck. 
Then place the hands in the first position, and give the neck a 
thorough extension or stretching, gently but firmly, being 
careful not to rotate the head. This treatment frees the circu- 
lation to the brain. 

(3) Then give Spinal Extension, as follows : The patient 
on his back, grasp his shoulders, your fingers under his arm- 
pits. An assistant holds the patient's ankles. The patient 
relaxes and you give a careful stretching or extension of the 
spine, gentle but firm, for about one minute. This frees the 
circulation of the spinal cord and relieves pressure upon the 
spinal nerves. 

(4) Then give a thorough Spinal Treatment, as follows : 
The patient on his side, then using the palmar surface of the 
fingers and hand, manipulate along the right side of the spinal 
column, commencing at the first cervical, and moving down 
the entire length of the spine. Move the muscles upward and 
outward, gently but firmly, and with a deep pressure, paying 
special attention wherever you find a tender spot, a hot or cold 
spot, or a knotted condition of the muscles. Then turning 
him on his other side, treat the opposite side in the same man- 
ner. Take your time in giving this treatment. Avoid using 
the finger tips. 

(5) Then give Chest Expansion, as follows: Seat your 
patient on a stool or chair (if a chair, let him face its back) 




Treatment for 

Dislocation cf 

Atlas. 




Extending Neck. 




Spinal Extension. 




f" 28 



Osteopathy. 



Expanding Chest. 




^Spinal Treatment 



and stand behind him. Place your foot on the seat of the chair, 
the tip of your toe being up against, or under, the body of the 
patient. Place your knee between the patient's shoulders, hold- 
ing his wrists in each hand. Raise his arms (sideways) up 
and over his head, slowly but strongly, and press hard with 
your knee against his spine. Then maintaining the pressure 
of your knee, lower the arms with a backward motion. The 
patient should inhale, filling the lungs, while the arms are be- 
ing raised ; exhaling as the arms are lowered. 
(6) Finish with a gentle, soothing Stroking. 

ST. VITUS DANCE 

The Osteopathic General Treatment is the best possible 
treatment of this complaint, paying special attention to Neck 
and Spinal treatments. 

NERVOUS PROSTRATION (NEURASTHENIA) 

There is no better treatment possible than the Osteopathic 
General Treatment, paying special attention to the Neck and 
Spinal treatments. 

HYSTERIA 

Give Osteopathic General Treatment, paying special atten- 
tion to Spinal and Neck treatments. 

LOCKJAW (TETANUS) 

(i) Begin by giving a thorough Spinal Treatment, as 
follows : The patient on his side, then using the palmar sur- 
face of the fingers and hand, manipulate along the right side 
of the spinal column, commencing at the first cervical, and mov- 
ing down the entire length of the spine. Move the muscles 
upward and outward, gently but firmly, and with a deep pres- 
sure, paying special attention wherever you find a tender spot, 
a hot or cold spot, or a knotted condition of the muscles. Then 
turning him on his other side, treat the opposite side in the 
same manner. Take your time in giving this treatment. 
Avoid using the finger tips. 

(2) Then give thorough Neck Treatment, as follows: 
The patient lying on his back, stand at his head and place 
one hand on his forehead, the other under his neck, and rotate 
the head slowly from side to side. Then manipulate thorough- 
ly and deeply the muscles of the back, sides and front of the 
neck. Then place the hands in the first position, and give the 



Osteopathy. 29 

neck a thorough extension or stretching, gently but firmly, be- 
ing careful not to rotate the head. This treatment frees the 
circulation to the brain. 

(3) Then give Spinal Extension, as follows: The pa- 
tient on his back, grasp his shoulders, your fingers under his 
armpits. An assistant holds the patient's ankles. The patient 
relaxes and you give a careful stretching or extension of the 
spine, gentle but firm, for about one minute. This frees the 
circulation of the spinal cord and relieves pressure upon the 
spinal nerves. 

(4) Then give Flexion and Extension of the Legs, as 
follows : The patient on his back, place one hand on the 
knee, the other under the sole of the foot, and move the leg up 
and down to and from the chest. Repeat several times. (Ac- 
tive.) 

(5) Then give Chest Expansion, as follows: Seat your 
patient on a stool or chair (if a chair, let him face its back) and 
stand behind him. Place your foot on the seat of the chair, the 
tip of your toe being up against, or under, the body of the 
patient. Place your knee between the patient's shoulders, 
holding his wrists in each hand. Raise his arms (sideways) 
up and over his head, slowly but strongly, and press hard with 
your knee against his spine. Then maintaining the pressure of 
your knee, lower the arms with a backward motion. The pa- 
tient should inhale, filling the lungs, while the arms are being 
raised ; exhaling as the arms are lowered. 

(6) Finish by a gentle stroking, as follows : This treat- 
ment is useful in producing sedative or quieting effects. It 
should be applied with a very light contact, the tips of the 
fingers, or the palm of the hand, just barely touching the pa- 
tient. In some cases it will produce a feeling of drowsiness on 
the part of the patient. It never fails to quiet down the pa- 
tient, equalize the circulation and relieve an excess of stimula- 
tion. Stroking should always be performed in a downward 
and outward direction, and in one direction only, not to-and- 
fro. The tips of one, more or all of the fingers, or the palmar 
surface of one or both hands, are moved gently over the skin, 
with a light contact, not even the mere weight of the hand be- 
ing allowed to press upon the surface of the skin. Lightness, 
gentleness, and airiness are the words best describing the 
Stroking movement. 

In this treatment the greatest care and attention should be 
given to the manipulation of the muscles of the neck and spine, 




Spinal Extension. 




Expanding Chest. 




Stroking. 



30 



Osteopathy, 




Spinal Treatment 




Spinal Extension 



the muscles being kneaded and manipulated until they are 
soft and flexible. Treat twice a day. 

INSOMNIA 

The Osteopathic General Treatment is the best possible 
treatment for this complaint. 

IMPOTENCY (LOSS OF SEXUAL POWER) 

Osteopathy teaches that this trouble is caused by an im- 
pairment of the blood supply or nerve impulse to the sexual 
organs. If the patient is suffering from General Debility he 
should be treated for that trouble and his general system built 
up, in addition to the following treatment for sexual weakness. 

TREATMENT 

(i) Begin by giving a thorough Spinal Treatment, as 
follows: The patient on his side, then using the palmar sur- 
face of the fingers and hand, manipulate along the right side 
Ijlj' of the spinal column, commencing at the first cervical, and 
moving down the entire length of the spine. Move the mus- 
cles upward and outward gently but firmly and with a deep 
pressure, paying special attention wherever you find a tender 
spot, a hot or cold spot, or a knotted condition of the muscles. 
Then turning him on his other side, treat the opposite side in 
the same manner. Take your time in giving this treatment. 
Avoid using the finger tips. 

(2) Then give Spinal Extension, as follows: The pa- 
tient on his back, grasp his shoulders, your fingers under his 
armpits. An assistant holds the patient's ankles. The patient 
relaxes and you give a careful stretching or extension of the 

I spine, gentle but firm, for about one minute. This frees the 
circulation of the spinal cord and relieves pressure upon the 
spinal nerves. 

(3) Then give Flexion and Extension of the Legs, as 
follows : The patient on his back, place one hand on the knee, 
the other under the sole of the foot, and move the leg up 
and down to and from the chest. Repeat several times. (Act- 
ive.) 

(4) Then place the patient on his face, and (after remov- 
ing your right shoe) stand on the table and place your left 
foot between the patient's knees, and your right foot on his 
sacrum. Then taking hold of his ankles, draw up his legs. 



Osteopathy. 



31 



slowly but firmly, as high as can be done without causing too 
much pain, at the same time pressing hard with your right 
foot upon his sacrum. This is the great Osteopathic Impo- 
tency Cure, which is based upon the fact that the nerv^es sup- 
plying the sexual organs can be reached by the above move- 
m.ent and thereby stimulated. 

(5) In some cases it is well to give Digital Manipulation 
to the Prostate Gland, which is often found to be enlarged. 
This treatment is given as follows : The patient on his side, 
with legs flexed, dip your forefinger in vaseline and pass it 
carefully up the rectum. Then gently manipulate the prostate 
^land. 

(6) It is often well to carefully manipulate the penis 
and testicles, thus stimulating those parts. 

Treat every day, or every other day. Marked improvement 
will be manifested in a week or two, and a decided change in 
a month, but the treatment should be kept up for two or three 
months if necessary. This treatment rarely fails to effect a 
cure. 




I. 
2. 

3- 

4. 

5- 
6. 

7. 
8. 

9- 
10. 
II. 
12. 



QUIZ QUESTIONS 

State cause and cure of Rheumatism. 

State special movement (No. 7) for Lumbago. 

State cause and cure of Goitre. 

State cause and cure of Tumors. 

State cause and cure of Scrofula. 

State Osteopathic theory and treatment of Diseases of 

the Eye, Ear and Throat. 
State treatment for Neuralgia. 
State treatment for Hiccough. 
State treatment for Paralysis. 

State special motion (No. i) in treatment of Epilepsy. 
'State treatment for Lockjaw. 
State special movement (No. 4) in treatment for Impo- 

tency. 



Impotency. 



MAR S 1902 



THE HOME STUDY COURSE 



IN 



OSTEOPATHY 



ISSUED BY 



The Columbia 
College of Osteopathy 

3031 AUDITORIUM BLDC, 
CHICAGO, ILL., U.S. A. 

Consists of Twelve Lessons, fully illustrated, and is issued 
in Five Parts, as follows : 

PART FIRST— 

Theory of Osteopathy. 
Movements and Manipulations. 
General Treatment. 

PART SECOND- 

Special Treatments. 

PART THIRD- 

Special Treatments. 

PART FOURTH- 

Special Treatments. 
Osteopathic Anatomy. 
Osteopathic Physiology. 

PART FIFTH- 

Ostcopathic Anatomy and Physiology. 
Building up and Conducting an Osteopathic 

Practice. 
Practical Advice and Suggestions. 
Miscellaneous Information. 



HOME STUDY COURSE 



IN 



OSTEOPATHY 



PART FOURTH 

Comprising Lessons IX and X 



Copyright. 190-', 

By The Columbia College of Osteopathy, 

Chicago, III. 



ISSUED BY 

The Columbia College of Osteopathy 

u 

3031 AUDITORIUM BUILDING 

Chicago, III., U. S. A. 



THE LI8RAf?Y ©F 
GONGRESS, 

Two Co^'iES r.'EOEIVE© 

Mm, $ 1902 

CfJPVRlGHT ENTKY 

CLASS ^ XXci. N 
CtSPY 8. 



A' 



.\ 



-^ 



l^-lA 



CONTENTS 



LESSON IX 

Fevers, Contagious Diseases, Etc 3 

General Treatment of Fevers 3 

Sunstroke 4 

Influenza, Haj' Fever, Etc 4 

Measles 6 

Whooping Cough 6 

Mumps 6 

Chicken Pox 6 

Erysipelas 6 

Diphtheria 6 

Diseases of Women . . : 7 

Displacement of the Uterus , . . . . 7 

Menstrual Troubles 8 

Leucorrhea (Whites) 10 

Ovarian Troubles 10 

Catarrhal Vaginitis 10 

Menopause (Change of Life) , . . . 11 

LESSON X 

The Skeleton 14 

The Muscles 18 

The Circulation - , 19 

The Nervous System 24 

Quiz Questions 32 



LESSON iX 
SPECIAL TREATMENTS 



fe:ve.rs, contagious dise,ase<s. etc. 

Our advice to the student is to confine himself to chronic 
cases and to let acute diseases severely alone for the present. 
We say this because we know that the public is ignorant re- 
garding the truth underlying the various systems of thera- 
peutics, and that the loss of a single acute case (and every 
physician must lose some) will hurt the Osteopath materially, 
whereas the public will think nothing of the loss of a dozen 
of the Drug-Doctors' patients. Later on, when the public be- 
comes accustomed to Osteopathic theories and practice, things 
will be different. For the present the Osteopath should con- 
tent himself with curing the chronic cases, most of which have 
been pronounced incurable by the Drug Doctors. Besides 
this, office practice is the most profitable, and more easily built 
up. By all means confine yourself to the chronic cases. We 
give you general treatment for use in cases of fevers, etc., as 
you may be called upon to use same in cases of emergency. 

GENERAL TREATMENT OF FEVERS 

Osteopathy offers a treatment which will reduce the tem- 
perature of the body in less than one-half the time required 
by any other therapeutic method. The treatment consists of 
pressure upon the vaso-motor centre, thus reducing the gen- 
eral blood pressure, slowing the action of the heart, and reduc- 
ing the temperature. The vaso-motor centre is reached by a 
pressure upon the upper cervicals, and at the same time tipping 
the head backward, so as to bring a pressure upon the nerves 
over the cervical vaso-motor centre. The following general 
treatment will be found efficacious in cases of fevers, although 
you must use your own good judgment, as no two cases of 
fever are exactly alike : 

TREATMENT 

(i) Begin by giving a thorough Spinal Treatment, as 
follows : The patient on his side, then using the palmar sur- 




Spinal Treatment 



Al 




4 Osteopathy. 

face of the fingers and hand, manipulate along the right side of 
the spinal column, commencing at the first cervical, and mov- 
ing down the entire length of the spine. Move the muscles 
upward and outward gently but firmly and with a deep pres- 
sure, paying special attention wherever you find a tender spot, 
a hot or cold spot, or a knotted condition of the muscles. Then 
turning him on his other side, treat the opposite side in the same 
manner. Take your time in giving this treatment. Avoid 
using the fmger tips. 

(2) Then give a thorough Neck Treatment, as follows: 
The patient lying on his back, stand at his head and place one 
hand on his forehead, the other under his neck, and rotate the 
head slowly from side to side. Then manipulate thoroughly 

f^ij// ^^^ deeply the muscles of the back, sides and front of the neck. 

^/J\ Then place the hands in the first position, and give the neck 
a thorough extension or stretching, gently but firmly, being 
careful not to rotate the head. This treatment frees the circu- 
lation to the brain. 

(3) Then give Spinal Extension, as follows: The pa- 
tient on his back, grasp his shoulders, your fingers under his 
armpits. An assistant holds the patient's ankles. The patient 
relaxes and you give a careful stretching or extension of the 
spine, gentle but firm, for about one minute. This frees the 

mg ec ^. ^,jj.(,^|^^JQj^ Qf ^l^g spinal cord and relieves pressure upon the 
l( spinal nerves. 

(4) Then give Vibration over Abdomen, as follows : This 
111' form of treatment is a very powerful stimulant. It consists 

of certain oscillatory movements, produced through a succes- 
sion of rapid individual efforts of the operator's hand. There 
should be little or no perceptible strain upon the arm muscles 
of the operator. The palm of the hand or the fingers must be 
placed firmly upon the parts to be treated, the arm being 
held straight and a fine trembling or vibrating movement com- 
municated to the hand by the muscles of the upper part of 
the arm. The movement is somewhat difficult of acquirement, 
but you must persist until the desired movement is acquired, 
for this is one of the most stimulating and penetrating of all 
/, the methods of Osteopathic treatment, its effect being quite 
'l perceptible and almost akin to the eflfects of a current of elec- 
I tricity. It has a stimulating and strengthening efifect upon the 
nerA^es, and acts strongly upon the venous circulation and upon 
i| ij( the lymphatics. Be careful not to press upon the body with 
your wrist, as you should use no greater pressure than the 

spinal Extension. 








Osteopathy, 



weight of your hand. When properly administered by one 
hand on the breast, the vibrations should be distinctly felt by 
the other hand placed under the back of the patient. 

(5) Then give Flexion and Extension of Legs, as fol- 
lows: The patient on his back, place one hand on the knee, 
the other under the sole of the foot, and move the leg up 
and down to and from the chest. Repeat several times. (Ac- 
tive.) 

(6) Then give Pressure on the Vaso-Motor Nerve Cen- 
tre, as follows : Place the fingers on each side of the back of 
the neck and press with fingers on each side of the spine over 
the upper cervicals (vaso-motor center) for two or three min- 
utes. This will slow the action of the heart. 

(7) Finish by giving a gentle, soothing Stroking, as fol- 
lows : This treatment is useful in producing sedative or quiet- 
ing eflfects. It should be applied with a very light contact, the 
tips of the fingers, or the palm of the hand, just barely touching 
the patient. In some cases it will produce a feeling of drowsi- 
ness on the part of the patient. It never fails to quiet down 
the patient, equalize the circulation and relieve an excess of 
stimulation. Stroking should always be performed in a down- 
ward and outward direction, and in one direction only, not 
to-and-fro. The tips of one, more or all of the fingers, or the 
palmar surface of one or both hands, are moved gently over 
the skin, with a light contact, not even the mere weight of the 
hand being allowed to press upon the surface of the skin. 
Lightness, gentleness, and airiness are the words best describ- 
ing the Stroking movement. 

Treat twice a day until a decided improvement is noted, 
then once a day. 

SUNSTROKE 

Place patient in a cool place, applying ice or cold water 
to the head. Give General Fever Treatment. Treat every 
few hours the first day. 

INFLUENZA, HAY FEVER, ETC 

Give General Fever Treatment, with Digital Manipulation 
around the nose and inner comers of the eyes. Treat once a 
day. 

MEASLES 

Give General Fever Treatment. Treat every day. 




Holding Vaso 
Molcr. 




Stroking. 



Osteopathy. 




Extending Neck. 




Expanding Chest. 



WHOOPING COUGH 

Give General Fever Treatment. Treat every day. 

MUMPS 

Give General Fever Treatment. Treat every day. 

CHICKEN POX 

Give General Fever Treatment. Treat every day. 

ERYSIPELAS 

This disease is caused by an obstruction of the venous circu- 
lation between the heart and the affected part. A thorough 
manipulation will free the circulation and effect a cure. The 
General Osteopathic Treatment should always be given with 
the local treatment in cases of this kind. 

DIPHTHERIA 

^ The Osteopathic treatment of Diphtheria is based upon the 

theory that the disease is caused by certain contractions of the 
muscles of the neck and thorax, interfering with the circula- 
tion, thereby causing an inflamed condition. The following 
treatment is highly recommended by eminent Osteopathic prac- 
titioners who have found it very efficacious : 

TREATMENT 

(i) Begin by giving a thorough Neck Treatment, as fol- 
lows : The patient lying on his back, stand at his head and 
place one hand on his forehead, the other under his neck, 
and rotate the head slowly from side to side. Then manipu- 
late thoroughly and deeply the muscles of the back, sides and 
front of the neck. Then place the hands in the first position, 
and give the neck a thorough extension or stretching, gently 
but firmly, being careful not to rotate the head. This treat- 
ment frees the circulation to the brain. 

(2) Then place the fingers in the patient's mouth and 
move the muscles of the throat gently, thus loosening the mem- 
brane which will be expelled from the mouth. 

(3) Then give Chest Expansion, as follows: Seat your 
patient on a stool or chair (if a chair, let him face its back) 
and stand behind him. Place your foot on the seat of the chair, 
the tip of your toe being up against, or under, the body of the 
patient. Place your knee between the patient's shoulders, 
holding his wrists in each hand. Raise his arms (sideways) 



Osteopathy. 



up and over his head, slowly but strongl}-, and press hard with 
vour knee against his spine. Then maintaining the pressure of 
your knee, lower the arms with a backward motion. The 
patient should inhale, filling the lungs, wdiile the arms are being- 
raised : exhaling as the arms are lowered. 

(4) Then give pressure on the Vaso-Motor Center, as 
follows : Place the fingers on each side of the back of the 
neck and press with fingers on each side of the spine over the 
upper cervicals (vaso-motor center) for two or three minutes. 
This will slow the action of the heart. 

(5) Finish the treatment wuth a gentle, soothing Strok- 
ing, as follow^s : This treatment is useful in producing sedative 
or quieting efifects. It should be applied with a very light con- 
tact, the tips of the fingers, or the palm of the hand, just barely 
touching the patient. In some cases it will produce a feeling 
of drowsiness on the part of the patient. It never fails to 
quiet down the patient, equalize the circulation and relieve 
an excess of stimulation. Stroking should always be per- 
formed in a downward and outward direction, and in one di- 
rection only, not to-and-fro. The tips of one, more or all of 
the fingers, or the palmar surface of one or both hands, are 
moved gently over the skin, with a light contact, not even the 
mere weight of the hand being allowed to press upon the sur- 
face of the skin. Lightness, gentleness, and airiness are the 
words best describing the Stroking movement. 

Treat everv few hours. ' 



DISEASELS OF WOMEN 





stroking. 



Osteopathy teaches that this class of complaints can be re- 
lieved and cured by treatment tending to free the circulation 
and nerve current, thus restoring normal conditions. Osteo- 
pathic treatment, in nearly every case, gives almost immediate 
relief followed by a permanent cure. 

DISPLACEMENT OF THE UTERUS— TREATMENT 

(i) Give Spinal Treatment as follows, paying special 
attention to the Sacral region, as here we reach the nerves con- 
trolling the Uterus. 

The patient on her side, then using the palmar surface of the 
fingers and hand, manipulate along the right side of the spinal 
column, commencing at the first cervical, and moving down siLai 




Extension. 



8 Osteopathy. 

the entire length of the spine. Move the muscles upward and 
outward gently, but firmly and with a deep pressure, paying 
special attention wherever you find a tender spot, a hot or 
cold spot, or a knotted condition of the muscles. Then turning 
her on her other side, treat the opposite side in the same man- 
ner. Take your time in giving this treatment. Avoid using the 
finger tips. 

(2) Give Neck Treatment, as follows, thus freeing the 
circulation to the brain, and enabling stronger nerve impulses 
to be sent to the affected parts : 

The patient lying on her back, stand at her head and place 
one hand on her forehead, the other under her neck, and rotate 
the head slowly from side to side. Then manipulate thor^ 
oughly and deeply the muscles of the back, sides and front of 
the neck. Then place the hands in the first position, and give 
the neck a thorough extension or stretching, gently but firmly, 
being careful not to rotate the head. This treatment frees the 
circulation to the brain. 

(3) Give Flexion and Extension of the Legs, as follows, 
thus freeing the circulation and stimulating the nerve impulse 
to the weakened parts : 

The patient on her back, place one hand on the knee, the 
other under the sole of the foot, and move the leg up and 
down to and from the chest. Repeat several times. (Active.) 

(4) After carefully washing the hands, insert the finger 
into the vagina, and carefully press the uterus back to its 
normal place. Then gently manipulate the vagina. 

(5) If the patient is Constipated (and she usually is) it 
will be well to give her the treatment recommended for Con- 
stipation. 

Give treatment every day, with the exception of the vaginal 
treatment, which should be given, say, every third day. It 
will be as well to give an Osteopathic General Treatment the 
first day, and about once a week thereafter. 

MENSTRUAL TROUBLES 

Osteopathy has been quite successful in complaints of this 
class. The freeing of the nerve supply and the equalizing of 
the circulation, results in rapid improvement and usually effects 
a permanent cure. 

TREATMENT 
(i) Give thorough Spinal Treatment, as follows, giving 
special attention to the lower lumbar and socral region : 



Osteopathy. 



The patient on her side, then using the palmar surface of , 
the fingers and hand, manipulate along the right side of the ^ 
spinal column, commencing at the first cervical, and moving J^ 
down the entire length of the spine. Move the muscles upward 
and outward gently but firmly, and with a deep pressure, pay- 
ing special attention wherever you find a tender spot, a hot 
or cold spot, or a knotted condition of the muscles. Then 
turning her on her other side, treat the opposite side in the 
same manner. Take your time in giving this treatment. x\void 
using the finger tips. 

(2) The patient on her back, grasp her shoulders, your 
fingers under her armpits. An assistant holds the patient's 
ankles. The patient relaxes and you give a careful stretching 
or extension of the spine, gentle but firm, for about one minute. 
This frees the circulation of the spinal cord and relieves pres- 
sure upon the spinal nerves. 

(3) Then give Flexion and Extension of the Limbs, as 
follows : The patient on her back, place one hand on the knee, 
the other under the sole of the foot, and move the leg up and 
down to and from the chest. Repeat several times. (Active.) 

(4) Then give Vibration over the Uterus, as follows: 
This form of treatment is a very powerful stimulant. It con- 
sists of certain oscillatory movements, produced through a suc- 
cession of rapid individual efforts of the operator's hand. There 
should be little or no perceptible strain upon the arm muscles 
of the operator. The palm of the hand or the fingers must 
be placed firmly upon the parts to be treated, the arm being- 
held straight and a fine trembling or vibrating movement com- 
municated to the hand by the muscles of the upper part of the 
arm. The movement is somewhat difficult of acquirement, but 
you must persist until the desired movement is acquired, for 
this is one of the most stimulating and penetrating of all the 
methods of Osteopathic treatment, its effect being quite per- 
ceptible and almost akin to the effects of a current of electricity. 
It has a stimulating and strengthening effect upon the nerves, 
and acts strongly upon the venous circulation and upon the 
lymphatics. Be careful not to press upon the body with your 
wrist, as you should use no greater pressure than the weight ^ 
of your hand. When properly administered by one hand on the 
breast, the vibrations should be distinctly felt by the other 
hand placed under the back of the patient. 

We recommend that frequent Osteopathic General Treat- 




Spinal Treatment 




Spinal Extension. 




Deep vibration. 



lO 



Osteopathy. 




Spinal Treatment 



ment be given, to stimulate and build up the entire system. 
In cases of too profuse Menstruation it is well to hold the 
thumbs on each side of each of the lower vertebrae (from the 
first lumbar, downward) for a few seconds at each vertebra. 
Treat every other day. 

LEUCORRHEA (WHITES) 

The following treatment usually effects a cure : 

TREATMENT 

Give the treatment given for Menstrual Troubles, every 
other day, with an occasional Osteopathic General Treatment. 

OVARIAN TROUBLES— TREATMENT 

Give treatment recommended for Menstrual Troubles, also 
give Vibration over Ovaries, and manipulation in the imme- 
diate region. 

CATARRHAL VAGINITIS 

This disease, which consists of an inflammation of the 
mucous membrane of the vagina, and kindred troubles, may 
be successfully treated as follows : 

TREATMENT 

(i) Give thorough Spinal Treatment, as follows: The 
patient on her side, then using the palmar surface of the fingers 
and hand, manipulate along the right side of the spinal column, 
i(/ commencing at the first cervical, and moving down the entire 
length of the spine. Move, the muscles upward and outward 
gently, but firmly, and with a deep pressure, paying special 
attention wherever you find a tender spot, a hot or cold spot, 
or a knotted condition of the muscles. Then turning her on 
her other side, treat the opposite side in the same manner. Take 
your time in giving this treatment. Avoid using the finger 
tips. 

(2) Then give thorough Neck Treatment, as follows: 
Extending Neck. The patient lying on back, stand at her head and place 
one hand on her forehead, the other under her neck, and rotate 
the head slowly from side to side. Then manipulate thoroughly 
and deeply the muscles of the back, sides and front of the 
neck. Then place the hands in the first position, and give the 
neck a thorough extension or stretching, gently but firmly, 




Osteopathy. 



II 



being careful not to rotate the head. This treatment frees the 
circulation to the brain. 

(3) Then give Spinal Extension, as follows: The patient 
on her back, grasp her shoulders, your fingers under her arm- 
pits. An assistant holds the patient's ankles. The patient 
relaxes and you give a careful stretching or extension of the 
spine, gentle but firm, for about one minute. This frees the 
circulation of the spinal cord and relieves pressure upon the 
spinal nerves. 

(4) Then give Flexion and Extension of the Legs, as fol- 
lows : The patient on her back, place one hand on the knee, 
the other under the sole of the foot, and move the leg up and 
down to and from the chest. Repeat several times. (Active.) 

(5) Then, after washing the hands, insert carefully the 
finger into the vagina and manipulate gently. 

Treat every other day, occasionally omitting the vaginal 
treatment if the parts are tender. 
Osteopathic General Treatment. 



Also give- an occasional 



MENOPAUSE (''CHANGE OF LIFE'') 

There is no better treatment known for the troubles inci- 
dent to this period of a woman's life, than the Osteopathic spiuai Extension. 
General Treatment, given two or three times a week. 




Fig. 2- 
PoBierior view of 
femur, showing 
the ridceB. <»* 
presBionB. 
openings. 



and 





Ajtlas and AxIb In poeition.. 10, projection 
of axis, passing throuj?U the.alla8».'up6o ' 
whiciuthe' ekullrests. 



Flo. 2.->Thb Skklstom* 



Vl«W OF Kkbe-joist. 

A, Thigh bone ; B, Knee-pan ; 
C 1>, t<eg tone*. 




irzesy&aAsa^ 



m 



The Skeleton Contains 206 Bones. 



1. THE HEAD. (28 Bones). 



1 Fron'tal (forehead). 

1 Oc-cip'i-tal (back of head). 

2 Pa-ri'e-tals (side of head) . 



^ •{ 2 Tem'po-rals (temples). 
- 1 Sphe'noid ("wedge-shaped"). 



1 Eth'moid ("sieve-like," through 
which filaments of the olfactory 
nerve pass to the nose). 



f2 "Na-sal Bones (they form the 
"bridge" of the nose). 

2 Ma'lar (or cheek) Bones. 

2 Lach ry-mals (from a l,atin word 
meaning "tear"; small thin bones 
which form a part of the inner 
wall of the orbits). 

2 Pal'ate Bones. 

2 Tur'bin-ated ("cone-shaped," one 
on each side of the outer wall of 
the nasal cavities). 

2 Upper and 1 I,ower Max'il-la-ry (or 
jaw) Bones. 



1 Vo'mer ("plough-share," a thin 
bone which .separates the nos- 
trils). 



H 



Mal'le-us, or "mallet." 



a 
o 

6 



o ■{ In'cus, or "anvil.' 
Sta'pes, or "stirrup." 



II. THE TRUNK. (54 Bon«s.) 



o 



OQ 

M O 

K 



7 Cer'vi-cal (or neck) ver'te-brae. 

12 Dor' sal (or back) vertebrse. 

5 I,um'bar or loin vertebree. 

Sa'crum (the "sacred" bone, be- 
cause used in sacrifices). 

Coc'cyx (the "cuckoo" bone, be- 
cause of its likeness to the bill of 
that bird). 



12 on each side; the upper seven are 
called "true" ribs, the five, lower 
ones are "false," or "floating" 
ribs. 



A small "U-shaped" Bone in the up- 
per part of the neck, and supports 
the base of the tongue. 



4. THE STEBirUM. Breast-Bone. 



5. THE TWO HIP-BOITES. 



III. THE, LIMBS. 124 Bones. 






Clav-i-cle, or Collar-bone (from 

"■'clavis,'^ a key). 
Scap'u-la, or Shoulder-blade. 
Hu'mer-us (arm). 
Ul'na (forearm), from the Greek 

word meaning "Elbow." 
Ra'di-us (forearm), from the Latin 

word meaning "Spoke." 
8 Car'pals. or Wrist-bones. 
5 Met-a-car'pals (in the palm) ; meta 

"beyond" and carpus "the 

wrist." 
14 Pha-lan'ges (3 in each finger, 2 in 

the thumb). 



OS 



Fe'mur (thigh-bone). 

Pa-tel'la, or Knee-pan. 

Tib'i-a (leg-bone), a Latin word 

meaning "flute." 
Fib'u-la (leg-bone), a Latin word 

for "pin." 
7 Tar'sals (forming the instep). 
5 Met-a-tar'.sals. 
14 Phalanges (2 in the great toe, 3 

in each of the others). 



LE,SSON X 

OSTEOPATHIC ANATOMY AND PHYSI- 
OLOGY 



THE ske,li:ton 

The general figure and support of the body are furnished 
by the skeleton, composed of a number of bones of all sizes 
and shapes. The skeleton furnishes a cage-like cavity contain- 
ing and protecting the vital organs ; joints to facilitate motion ; 
surfaces for the support of the softer parts of the body. 

It consists of 204 distinct bones, not including the knee 
pans and other seed-form bones, which are situated in the ten- 
dons of certain muscles, nor does it include the teeth, 32 in 
number. The bones are classed as Long, Short and Flat. 
The long bones are hollow and have two ends, generally known 
as heads, to which are attached muscles and ligaments. The 
principal long bones are the collar-bone (clavicle), the arm- 
bone (humerus), the fore-arm bone (radius and ulna), the 
thigh-bone (femur), and the leg-bones (tibia and fibula). The 
Short bones are found in those parts of the body requiring 
strength, compactness and elasticity, and are bound together by 
ligaments. The wrists and ankles are good examples of Short 
bones. The Flat bones have flat, broad surfaces for muscular 
attachments, and their purpose is the protection of organs of the 
body. The principal Flat bones are the shoulder-blades, breast- 
bone, ribs, hips, etc. 

The surface of the bones contain raised places and sunken 
places, the first being for the better attachment of the muscles, 
etc., and the second for the passage of blood-vessels, nerves, 
tendons, and muscles. Sm.all openings are found in the bones, 
through which pass the blood-vessels, nerves, etc. 

A Joint is the junction of two or more bones. The joints 
of the skull are immovable ; those of the spinal column are partly 
movable and partly immovable ; the majority of the other joints 
are movable, such as the shoulder and hip, which are ball and 
socket joints, and the knee and elbow which are hinge joints. 

14 



Osteopathy. iS 

The skull rests and moves upon the first cervical vertebra 
(the first vertebra) which is known as the Atlas; and upon the 
tooth-like process of the second bone of the spinal column, gen- 
erally known as the Axis, which projects upward through a 
hole in the Atlas, forming a pivot upon which the head turns 
from side to side, the nodding movement of the skull being 
upon the Atlas. 

The bones are held together by a strong fibrous substance 
called ligaments, further strengthend by muscles and tendons. 

The principal support of the body is the spinal column, 
which bears the skull at its upper extremity, and whose lower 
end is wedged in between the hip-bones, and with them forms 
the Pelvis. In consists of 26 bones known as vertebrae, of 
which there are 7 in the neck or Cervical region ; 12 in the back 
or Dorsal region; and 5 in the loin or Lumbar region. The 
Sacrum and Coccyx are called false vertebrae. Each vertebra 
is a disk-like bone having a bony arch projecting backward 
from it, and has a large hole through it. When the vertebrae 
are in place, held by strong ligaments, this opening, or hole, in 
each forms a long tube extending through the entire length of 
the spinal column, which tube is called the Spinal Canal, and 
which contains and protects the Spinal Cord, which is a long 
cable of nerves which connects the brain with all the other por- 
tions of the body, by means of nerve branches being sent out 
through the apertures in the sides of each vertebra. The pos- 
terior projections of the vertebrae are what we feel when we 
pass the hand along the spinal column. 

The Ribs which branch out from each side of the spinal 
column, in the dorsal region, are 24 in number, 12 on each side. 
The upper 7 on each side are called true ribs, being fastened 
to the breast bone direct; the lower 5 on each side are called 
false or floating ribs because they are not so fastened, the upper 
two of them being fastened by cartilage to the other ribs, the 
others having no cartilages, their forward ends being free. 

The Pelvis is composed of the Sacrum and Coccyx behind 
the Hip-bones (innominates) upon the sides, and the pubic 
bone in front. Forming joints with the Pelvis are the two 
thigh bones, which rest upon the bones of the lower leg, which 
are supported by the bones of the feet. Forming joints at the 
upper part of the frame of the body, on each side, are the arm- 
bones, consisting of the collar-bone (clavicle), shoulder-blades 



i6 



Osteopathy. 




THe f^l/«CutS. 



Osteopathy. 17 



THE, PRINCIPAL MUSCLELS, 

(See Plate.) 
THE HE.AD. 



Oc-Cip'1-to — fron-ta'lis, moves the scalp and eyebrows. 
Or-bic-u-la'ris pal-pe-brae, closes the eyes. 
Le-va'tor pal'pe-brae, opens the eyes. 
The Becti muscles (four in number) move the eye-ball. 



THE NECK. 



Sca-le'ni muscles move the neck from side to side. 



THE TRUNK. 

P.M.— PeC-to-ra'liS, moves the arm forwards. 

£.D.— ILa-tis'si-mus dor's!, moves the arm backwards. 

T,R.A.-Tra-pe'zi-us, ) 

S.M.— Ser-ra'tus xnag-'uus, Vmove shoulder-blade. 

Rhom-boi-de'us, ) 

In-ter-co8'tals, move the ribs in respiration. 

E-rec'tor spi'nae, move the trunk backwards. 

B.A.— Bec'tus Ab-dom'i-nus ^ makes tense the abdominal walls. 



THE UPPER LIMB, 



S.->Del'toid, raises the arm. 
Te'res xna'jor, lowers the arm. 
Sub-scap-u-la'ris, I ^„tntf. th^ ot^ 
Spi-na'tus , f '^^^^t^ t^^ ^"^^ 

B. — Bi'ceps, bends forearm. 
T.B.I. —Tri'ceps, straightens forearm. 

P.— Plexor car'pi ra-di-a'lis, ^ 

E.- Bx-ten'sor car'pi ra-di-a'lis, C "'^^^ ^^^ ^^nd. 
B.— " " ul-na'ris, J 



THE LOWER LIMB. 

Zl-i'a-cns, ) 

Pec-?in^^u^s?''"' [ °^°-^ t^- tl^igh forwards. 
A.— Ab-duc'tor, J 

^"^*~^^?-i*fi!im'is, } ^°^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ backwards. 

S.-Sar-to'ri-us (from Sartor, a tailor), crosses one thigh over the other 

V.B-Va JtSi: [ ^°^e the leg forwards. 

'"~Grac'i-Us, [ ^°^^ ^^^ ^^g backwards. 
T.A.-Tib-i-a'iis, ^ 

Q.-Gas5roc-ne?iii-us, \ "^^^^ '^^ ^°°^- 
So-le'us, J 

P.— Flexors of the foot. 
T.A.— Tendo Achillis. 
T.P.— Moves thigh outwards. 
P.T.— Extensors of the toes. 



8 



Osteopathy. 



(scapula), arm-bone (humerus), the two fore-arm bones 
(radius and ulna), and the bones of the wrist and hand. 

The four principal closed cavities within the skeleton are 
the Cranial, Thoracic, Abdominal and Pelvic. The Cranium 
(skull) is a round, bony box containing the brain, the com- 
mencement of the spinal cord, etc. Its base is composed of 
bones firmly wedged together, with fine openings through 
which the blood vessels and nerves pass. The Thoracic cavity 
is found from the base of the neck to the diaphragm, from 
spinal column to breast-bone. It contains the lungs, heart, etc. 
The Abdominal cavity is located between the Thoracic and Pel- 
vic cavities, and contains the liver upon the right side, the stom- 
ach and spleen upon the left, the intestines in front, and the 
pancreas, kidneys, etc., behind. The Pelvic cavity is enclosed 
by the pelvic bones, and contains the bladder and other viscera. 

The student is advised to refer frequently to the several cuts 
illustrating this lesson, as there is no better way of fixing the 
lesson in the mind than by the object lesson ^afforded by the 
pictures. 

THE MUSCLES 




The Muscles number about 400, and constitute what is gener- 

illy called ''flesh," or in animals, ''lean meat," being of a dark 

1 L'd color. They are divided into three classes, i. e. voluntary, 

involuntary and mixed. The voluntary muscles, such as those 

L '. the face, neck, abdomen, thorax, etc., are governed by the 

ill. The involuntary muscles are indifferent of the will, 

nd are controlled by the automatic or sub-conscious func- 

tons of the mind. The mixed muscles belong partly to both of 

il e above named classes, the muscles of the respiratory organs 

I ling examples of this class, they being partly under control 
L f the will, and yet capable of action independent of the same. 

Voluntary muscles are connected with bones, and with car- 

II [ages, skin, ligaments, etc., by either muscular tissue or by 
librous tissue known as sinews or tendons. These tendons or 

news serve as cords to connect the remote parts of the body 
with the moving muscles, and their arrangement is most in- 
genious, one of the tendons which moves the eye passing over a 
pulley like loop, and one under the jaw passes through a slit 
in another tendon whose direction is different. Voluntary 
-A, Biceps nms. muscles are composed of bundles of fibres, each fibre being 
itetendoiS"'*^*^' firmly enclosed in an elastic covering which does not interfere 



Osteopathy. 19 

with its movement, the entire bundle of fibres being enclosed 
with connective tissue holding them together. Involuntary 
muscles are also composed of fibres which interlace and form 
tissues. Muscles are supplied with blood in large quantities by 
large blood vessels whose smaller branches pass between the 
fibres. The nerves accompany these blood vessels. The nerves 
supplying the voluntary muscles are largely motor nerves, while 
those supplying the involuntary muscles are principally sensory 
nerves. Muscles are usually contracted by the effort of the 
will, by means of the nerves, but contraction may also be pro- 
duced by stimulation such as pinching, pricking with a needle, 
electricity, etc. 

Muscles that bend the joints are called flexors ; those that 
restore the bent parts to a straight condition are called exten- 
sors ; those that turn the parts to which they are attached upon 
their axis are called rotators ; those that move parts toward the 
axis of the body are called adductors ; those that move the 
parts from the axis of the body are called abductors ; those that 
close or constrict certain openings of the body are called sphinc- 
ters ; those that control the facial expression, etc., are called 
muscles of expression. 

Muscles to be normal and healthy need a constant supply of 
good blood and sufficient nerve stimulus, these being lacking 
disease manifests. 



THE, CIRCULATION 



The blood is the principal form taken by the nutritive con- 
stituents of food after digestion. It flows through the arteries 
from the heart to every cell and tissue of the body, nourishing 
and strengthening them, and then returning through the veins 
to the heart, carrying with it the waste products of the system 
which are then expelled from the body by means of the lungs 
and other excretory organs. This flow of blood to and from 
the heart, is called the Circulation, and the organs of circula- 
tion are the heart, the arteries, the veins, the capillaries. 

The heart is a hollow, muscular, pear-shaped organ, about 
the size of an average clenched fist. It is situated on the left 
side of the body, between the two lungs, the lower, pointed 
end resting about the fifth and sixth ribs, a little to the left of 
the breast bone, the broad, upper end being about on a level 
with the middle of the breast bone, near its junction with the 
cartilages of the third rib. It is divided into four compart- 




'K}" diagrammatic representation of the 
^ various organs concerned in ttie conver- 
^eion of food into blood. — 1, Mouth and 
salivary glands ; 2, the oesophagus ; 
3, the stomach ; 4, a portion of the small 
intestine ; 5, the pancreas ; 6, the liver; 
7, mesencery with lacteals; 8, receptacle 
©f chyle; 9, the thoracic duct emptying 
its contents into the left subclavian vein ; 
iO, brouuhes of portal vein leading to 
liver ; 11, an hepatic vein leading from 
the liver to the large ascending vein ;, 
12, the large ascending vein cut off at its 
junction with the heart ; 13, the large 
descending vein cut off in like manner. 





Front view of the organs of circulation. Veins, 
black; arteries, with transverse lines. Farts 
on the right side of figure are removed to 
show some of the deep vessels, while the leu 
side shows superficial vessels. 



Section of the Heakt. 
A nic^Tit Ventricle. E, F, Inlets to the Ventricles. 
B Seft ^' " G, Pulmonary Artery. 

C' Right Auricle. H, Aorta. 

D. Left Auricle. 




■The Valves of th* 
Veins highly magnified. 



20 



TABLE, OF THE, PRINCIPAL ARTERIES, 



THE HEAD. 



OpJi-Uxal'mic, supplies the eye. 

External Ca-rot'idJ S^^'P^^' supplies the tongue. 
.>*«.»c<.u4»x.wa .LVbj.uj pa'cl-al, supplies the lower p£ 

L'po-ral, supplies the upper part of the head and face. 



"J-~~"« •< Pa'cl-al, supplies the lower part of the face. 

* ( Tem'' ' " ' 



THE TRUNK. 



TJie A •r'ta, arising from the heart, is the main arterial trunk. 

Cojfo-na-ry, supplies the walls of the heart. 

Bron'ehi-al, supplies the lungs. 

In-ter-cos'tals, supply the walls of the chest. 

Gas'tric, supplies the stomach. 

He-paf ie, supplies the liver. 

Splen'ic, supplies the spleen. 

Be'nal, supplies the kidney. 

Kes-en-ter'ics, supply the bowels. 

Spi'nal, supplies the spinal cord. 



THE UPPER LIMB. 

BTKocliea of the Ax-il-la'ry, supply the shoulder. 
" " Bra'cM-al, supply the arm. 

n <( Ul'na^ [ Supply the forearm and fingers. 



THE. LOWER LIMB. 



Branches of the Pem'o-ral, supply the hip and thigh. 
" " Pop-li-te'al, 1 

** " Tib'i-al, V Supply the leg and foot. 

Per-o-ne'al, 



21 



22 Osteopathy. 

ments, the two upper of which are called auricles ; the two 
lower ventricles. The auricles have veins opening into them; 
the ventricles have arteries arising from them. The auricles 
receive the blood coming back through the veins. You will 
understand the workings of the heart better if we show you the 
course the blood follows in its circulation. 

The blood coming back through the veins, laden with im- 
purities and waste product of the system, is poured into two 
large veins which empty into the right auricle. When the aur- 
icle is filled to its full capacity, its walls contract and expel the 
blood through an opening into the right ventricle, which in 
turn contracts and forces the blood through the pulmonary 
artery into the lungs, where the blood is thoroughly distributed 
by numerous hair-like blood vessels among the air cells, where 
it is purified by exchanging its waste products for the oxygen 
of the air, and is converted into pure, red blood. This red 
blood is then carried from the lungs back to the heart, this 
time going into the left auricle, which in turn forces it into the 
left ventricle. This ventricle then forces the pure, red blood, 
laden with health-giving nutrition and life, into the arteries 
through the aorta, the largest artery in the body. The arteries 
carry the blood through its dividing and sub-dividing branches 
to the hair-like capillaries for the nourishment and build- 
ing up of the tissues. The blood, after having parted with its 
life-giving properties, starts on its return journey to the heart, 
through the veins, gathering up as it goes the broken down 
tissues, waste products, and other refuse of the system. On 
its return journey it commences at the extremities of the venous 
system, and passing on enters larger veins, then still larger 
until it reaches the main venous river which pours into the 
right auricle, as stated at the beginning of this paragraph. The 
beating of the heart is raused by the alternate contractions and 
relaxations of the heart in performing the above work. The 
beats vary with age and temperament. At birth, the beats are 
about 140 per minute; at one year, 120; two years, no; during 
middle life from 70 to 80, being ten more in women than in 
men ; in old age, about 60. 

The arteries are a series of elastic canals, which commence 
with the aorta and by means of divisions and sub-divisions 
convey the blood to all the vascular parts of the body. The 
larger arteries are composed of three coats; the smaller have 
but two coats ; the capillaries have but one. 



I 



Osteopathy. 23 

The pulsations of the aorta and its branches constitute the 
pulse or wave in the arteries. 

The capillaries permeate the vascular organs in meshes of 
network bringing the blood in close contact with the tissues. 
They measure about one three-thousandth of an inch in diam- 
eter. The nutritious ingredients in the blood transude through 
their walls and are appropriated by the tissues beyond. In the 
glandular organs they supply the substance requisite for secre- 
tion ; in the villi of the intestine they take up the elements of 
the digested food ; in the lungs they absorb oxygen and exhale 
carbonic acid; in the kidneys they discharge the products of 
destructive assimilation collected from other parts. The capil- 
lary circulation thus furnishes directly or indirectly the materi- 
als for the growth and renovation of the entire body. 

As before stated, after the blood has parted with nutriment 
to the tissues, and absorbed waste products from them, it passes 
on from the capillaries into larger channels called veinlets, 
thence to the veins, thence to the heart. Other waste products 
not so taken up, are carried into the blood by another set of 
vessels called the lymphatics, which we describe later. 

The veins are composed of three coats. In the limbs and 
external parts of the head and neck they are provided with 
valves, so arranged that their closure prevents a backward flow 
of blood. 

The blood is eminently ''the life," for it is that constituent 
of the body which either directly or indirectly affords nourish- 
ment and life to all the other constituents, whether solid or 
fluid. If the circulation is affected, the nutrition of some part 
or organ of the body is thereby cut-off or reduced, and disease 
inevitably follows. About one-tenth of a person's bodily 
weight is represented by his blood-supply. Of this quantity, 
about one-fourth is distributed to the heart, lungs, large arteries 
and veins; about one-fourth to the liver— one-fourth to the 
muscles, and the remainder to the remaining organs and tis- 
sues. The brain utilizes about one-fifth of the entire quantity 
of blood. 

Besides the blood, there is another fluid which is widely dis- 
tributed throughout the body. This is called the Lymph, a 
liquid closely resembling in composition the blood plasma, and 
containing some of the ingredients of the blood which have trav- 
ersed the walls of the blood-vessels, and some of the products 
of disintegration, which, after renovation in the lymphatic sys- 



24 Osteopathy. 

tem, enter the blood and are again serviceable in the human 
economy. The lymph currents move in thin, delicate vessels 
. called the lymphatics. These vessels are so fine that they can- 
not be seen readily until injected w^ith quicksilver, and begin as 
network, or as tubes v^ith free blind extremities, in the inter- 
spaces of the connective tissue, or of the capillary blood-vessels. 
These lymphatic capillaries converge and become larger as they 
approach the heart. The lymph empties into several of the 
large veins, and is thus mingled v^ith the venous blood before 
its arrival at the right side of the heart. 

In the course of the lymphatics, everywhere in the body, are 
numerous glands, called lymphatic glands, whose function is 
believed to be a renovating one. When these glands are hard- 
ened or otherwise altered, in large numbers, health fails and 
the person grows thin. 

It will be seen that the blood takes up the nutritive fluids 
and gases, and they are by nature's processes converted into the 
secretions of the various organs, and the materials of the tis- 
sues. The natural constitution of the parts, though constantly 
changing, is maintained in its normal condition through the 
movement and renovation of the circulating fluids. 

The student is urged to acquaint himself thoroughly with 

the above lesson, and to fix firmly in his mind the facts therein 

gieperficiai lymphatics of the Stated. It is necessary that he thoroughly understand the cir- 

iympbatic gland. *~ ' culation of the blood, as therein lies much that goes^to make up 

the Osteopathic theory and its practice. 




THE, NERVOUS SYSTEM 



The human body has been likened to a community in 
which a variety of industries are carried on, each in a dif- 
ferent way, but all conducive to the public welfare and all 
controlled by its official head and his subordinates. The vari- 
ous organs of the body are connected with the centre of oper- 
ations, the Brain, by means of nerves, which are like so many 
electric wires running to and from the seat of government 
of the community. By this arrangement notice of any dis- 
turbance is at once reported to headquarters, and the remedy 
promptly furnished. Over these wires, or rather, over some 
of them, also is sent the current which furnishes the power 
by which the various machines are run. If any of these wires 
become crossed, or if the current is in any way shut off or 



Osteopathy. 



25 



interfered with there will be trouble manifested in that particu- 
lar part of the machinery dependent upon that particular wire, 
and probably in other parts of the shop, as the various ma- 
chines are dependent very much upon each other, and an 
injury to one is apt to be an injury to all in time. 

The general arrangement and structure of the nervous 
system is as follows : 

There are two divisions of the nervous system, viz., the 
Cerebro-Spinal nervous system and the Sympathetic nervous 
system. The Cerebro-Spinal division includes all that portion 
of the nervous system contained within the cranial cavity 
and the spinal canal, viz., the brain and the spinal cord, to- 
gether with its nerves which branch off from each. This 
system presides over the functions of animal life, as volition, 
sensation, etc. The Sympathetic division includes all that 
part of the nervous system located, in the main, in the thoracic, 
abdominal and pelvic cavities, and which is distributed to 
the internal organs. Its special function is the regulation of 
involuntary processes, as growth and nutrition. 

The nervous system consists of two kinds of tissue, white 
and gray. These differ from each other not only in color 
but also in structure and mode of action. The white matter 
constitutes the bulk of the nervous tissue, and is in large 
quantity on the exterior of the spinal cord and in the interior 
and lower surface of the brain. It is a mass of white, semi- 
solid material, mingled w^th delicate and transparent con- 
nective tissue, forming slender threads, which are called nerv- 
ous filaments or nerve fibres. Nervous filaments are cylin- 
drical, and running longitudinally through the centre of each 
is a rounded, semi-transparent band of gray color, known as 
the axis cylinder, which is the essential element of the nerve 
fibre. Through it the nerve current is transmitted. These 
filaments are transmitted, in a varying degree, to all the tissues, 
and as they emerge from the tissues they come together, form- 
ing bundles, which in turn unite with similar bundles and 
form ncr\'es. The structure of a nerve is similar to that of a 
cable, the individual threads or wires being united into strands, 
and the strands into the cable itself. The nervous filaments, 
however, are not twisted as are the wires of a cable generally, 
but for the most part lie parallel to one another, each being 
separate from its beginning to its end. Nerves are of various 




Mode of branching of 
nerves.— 1, 2, two bun- 
dles of nerve fibres; 3, a 
branch of three fibres; 

4, branch of two fibres; 

5, 6, branches of single 
fibres; 7, decussation 
between two nerves. 



26 



Osteopathy. 




Coccyx 



Fig. 66 

Posterior view of the spinal cord, — a portion of the cerebrum and cerebellum, 
and some of the nerves of the cerebro-spinal system. On the left side of the 
body some of the tissues are removed to show the deeper nerves, while the 
right side shows certain superficial ones. — CE, cerebrum; CER, cerebellum; 
B, nerves distributed to the arm; SC, spinal cord; SN, sciatic nerve. 



Osteopathy. 



27 




SoP 



Fig. 75. 
Vertical eection of body, ehowing sympathetic nerves and ganglia of right aide, 
and their connection with the cerebro-spinal nerves. — CereM-o-spinal system : 
CN, cervical nerves ; B, nerves distributed to the arm; DN, dorsal nerves; 
SN, pacral nerves, some of which are distributed to the leg; PN, pneumogas- 
tric nerve. iSymjyathttic system 1', plexus in the head ; PP, pharyngeal plexus ; 
CP, cardiac plexus. OP, oesophageal plexus; SoP, solar plexus; AP, aortic 
plexus, MP, mesehteric plexus; SP, §acrai plexus; G, some of the ganglia oJ 
the syrnpatbetic system. , 



28 Osteopathy. 

sizes, ranging from a very small size to the largest, which 
are the sciatic nerves located in the back part of the thighs, 
which are as large as the circumference of the tip of the little 
finger of the average adult. Each nerve is sheathed with what 
is called the neurilemma, which also contain capillary blood- 
vessels. The sole function of the nerves is to transmit nervous 
force and imipressions. The student will find it convenient 
to think of the nerves as electric wires supplying the different 
parts and organs of the body with its necessary nerve-current. 

The brain is the great mass of nerve tissue which occu- 
pies the cranial cavity. It consists of three parts, viz. : The 
Cerebrum, or brain proper, which is the largest and occupies 
the upper, front, middle and back portion of the cranial cav- 
ity; next, the Cerebellum, or 'little brain," which about fills 
the lower and back portion of the cavity ; and thirdly, the Me- 
dulla Oblongata, the smallest, which is the broadened com- 
mencement of the spinal cord, lying below and in front of the 
Cerebellum. 

Both the brain and the spinal cord are protected from 
shock and friction against their strong, bony encasements by 
membranes, by connective tissue and by fluid between certain 
of the membranes. The outer membrane, which is called 
the Dura Mater, is brown, thick and very resisting, and lines 
the cranial cavity and the spinal cord, and has various shelf- 
like expansions in the former for the support of different 
portions of the brain. Under the Dura Mater is the arachnoid, 
a closed sac of serous membrane which secretes an albuminous, 
lubricating fluid and which affords the brain and spinal cord 
considerable protection and freedom of movement with its 
soft and yielding liquid contents. Closely adherent to the 
brain and spinal cord, and dipping down into the furrows, is 
the third and last covering, the Pia Mater, which is really 
a fine network of capillary blood-vessels in the meshcs of a 
delicate connective tissue. Through these capillaries and the 
large blood-vessels which enter at its base the brain is abun- 
dantly supplied with blood, receiving about one-fifth of the 
entire volume of blood, although it is not more than one-for- 
tieth of the weight of the body. This large proportion of 
blood is needed for the active work of the brain, and unless 
the brain is well nourished it is unable to send forth the 
proper nerve impulses and consequently the entire system 
suffers. 



Osteopathy. 29 

The Cerebrum is the organ of the Mind, and is that part 
of the nervous system through which the intellectual and moral 
faculties act. The Cerebellum has for its function the co- 
ordination or harmonious regulation of the movements of 
the voluntary muscles. The Medulla Oblongata is the upper 
enlarged end of the spinal cord, which it resembles in its 
arrangement of gray and white matter. From its interior and 
from the under surface of the cerebrum arise what are known 
as the Cranial Nerves, which emerge from the cranial cavity 
through openings in the base of the skull and are distributed 
to various parts of the head and neck, to the organs of spe- 
cial sense, and to some of the thoracic and abdominal organs. 
In its posterior and lowermost portion nerves have their origin, 
which control indirectly the function of respiration. 

The Spinal Cord, or spinal marrow, is continuous with 
the Medulla Oblongata and fills the spinal canal in the ver- 
tebral column. It is a mass of nerve tissue, wdiich becomes 
enlarged in the cervical and lumbar regions, at the points 
where the nerves supplying the upper and lower extremities 
are given off, and its lower ends send forth prolongations 
through the sacrum^ which from their fancied resemblance 
to the hairs of a horse's tail are called the Cauda Equina. The 
spinal cord is composed of a central mass of gray matter, ex- 
tending nearly its whole length, surrounded by longitudinal 
bundles of nerve filaments, the whole being enclosed by the 
several membranes heretofore described. The gray mat- 
ter is arranged somewhat like a double crescent united 
by a band of gray matter, the respective ends of these united 
crescents being called the Anterior and Posterior Horns. Oppo- 
site them, at regular intervals, filaments of the spinal nerves 
emerge from the cord. The white matter of the cord lying 
between the posterior horns and posterior fissure constitutes 
the right and left posterior columns; and that between the 
posterior horns and anterior horns, the right and left lateral 
columns ; that between the anterior horns and anterior fissure, 
the anterior columns. These columns are connected with fila- 
ments of the spinal nerves, and thus the spinal cord is a con- 
ducting medium as well as a nerve centre. The posterior col- 
umns of the spinal cord convey sensory impressions to the 
cerebrum, and the antero-lateral columns convey motor im- 
pulses from the cerebrum. 



30 Osteopathy. 

The Spinal nerves consist of thirty-one symmetrical pairs 
of nerves, which are connected with the spinal cord by so- 
called Roots. Each nerve has an anterior and a posterior 
root. The posterior roots, upon each of which is a ganglion, 
with their respective nerves, are known as Sensory roots and 
nerves, because they convey sensations ; while the anterior 
roots and nerves are known as the Motor roots and nerves, 
because they convey motor impulses. 

Of the Cranial nerves, one of the most important for the 
consideration of Osteopaths is the Pneumogastric, or twelfth 
pair of cranial nerves. The distribution of these nerves is 
wider than that of any nerves of the body, and their influence 
greater, for they supply the larynx, pharynx, heart and lungs, 
the stomach, intestines, liver and other abdominal organs, 
giving them sensibility and motion. The Pneumogastric nerves 
are connected at various points with the sympathetic system of 
nerves. 

The Sympathetic system of nerves, or as it is sometimes 
called, the Great Sympathetic Nerve, consists of a double 
chain of ganglia on the sides of the spinal column ; also of 
scattered ganglia in the head, neck, chest and abdomen. These 
ganglia are connected with each other by filaments and with 
the Cerebro-Spinal nervous systems, by motor and sensory 
nerves. From them numerous and very delicate fibres are 
distributed chiefly to the alimentary canal and its appendages, 
the heart, blood-vessels and other organs. The nerves dis- 
tributed to the blood-vessels are known as the Vaso-Motor 
nerves, and the continuous muscular action they furnish is 
known as the "tone" or "tonic contraction'' of the arteries. 

At various points the sympathetic nerves, with their ganglia, 
form about certain large arteries matted nets of "Plexuses." 
A typical one is the Solar Plexus (sometimes called the Ab- 
dominal Brain). This is situated in the abdomen, some of 
its filaments accompanying the branches of the aorta distrib- 
uted to the stomach, intestines, spleen, pancreas, liver and 
other organs. The Sympathetic system controls, for the most 
part, the involuntary processes, such as circulation, respira- 
tion and digestion, so that we do not ordinarily notice that 
we have a heart, lungs and stomach, so quietly does this vital 
machinery work. Yet owing to the connection of the sym- 
pathetic with the cerebro-spinal nerves, the functions of the 



Osteopathy. 



31 



internal organs may be disarranged by apparently slight causes. 
The student of Osteopathy will bear this in mind as he pro- 
gresses with his lessons. 

The peculiar power transmitted by the nerves is known as 
Nerve Force (the ancients, believing it to be a fluid, called it 
"the nervous fluid"). In character and rapidity of move- 
ment it seems like the electric current. It is put in motion 
by stimuli, within or without the body, as, for example, food, 
waves of light and sound, the emotions, the application of 
electricity and other agents ; and when aroused it makes itself 
manifest in voluntary and involuntary functions and in the 
various motions and sensations incident to the body. 

Nerve force is sometimes said to be ''transferred," i. e., 
pain or some other sort of sensation is felt in an altogether 
different part of the body from that where the stimulus 
really is; for example, in disease of the hip- joint, pain in the 
knee is a common sign, while pain at the hip is comparatively 
rare. An impression conveyed to a nerve centre by a sensory 
nerve, and thence reflected to the motor nerve, results in mus- 
cular movement or secretion, which is said to be the effect of 
Reflex Action. 

Reflex Action occurs frequently in the body and in both 
divisions of the nervous system. For the most part it is per- 
formed without the knowledge of the individual, but when it 
occurs through the brain it becomes appreciable, and may even 
be voluntarily aided. For example, the act of swallowing is 
mainly the result of an unconscious reflex action by the mere 
contact of substances with the pharynx. But if an irritant, 
such as the end of the finger, or a feather, be introduced in 
the throat, an involuntary eflPort at expulsion is made. 




Section of Spina-1 Cord with roots of Spinal Nerves. 



MAR 3 1902 



QUIZ QUESTIONS 



I 

2 

3 
4 
5 
6 

7 
8 

9 

lO 

II 

12 

13 

14 

15^ 



State theory of treatment of fevers. 

State how you would give pressure on vaso motor center. 

State treatment for influenza. 

State treatment for diphtheria. 

State treatment for displacement of uterus. 

State treatment for menstrual troubles. 

How many bones are in the skeleton? 

Upon what vertebrae does the skull rest and move? 

How many vertebrae comprise the spinal column? Name 
them. 

Describe the different kinds of muscles. 

Describe the course of the circulation to and from the 
heart. 

What is the lymph? 

Name the two divisions of the nervous system and de- 
scribe each. 

Name and describe the three parts of the brain. 

Describe the spinal cord. 



Our concluding part. Part V, will comprise Lesson XI, 
continuing Osteopathic Anatomy and Physiology, and Lesson 
XH, containing advice as to building up and conducting an 
Osteopathic practice, practical advice and suggestions and 
miscellaneous information. 



HOME STUDY COURSE 



IN 



OSTEOPATHY 



PART FIFTH 

Comprising Lessons XI and XII 



Copyright, 1902, 

By The Columbia College of Osteopathy, 

Chicago, III. 



ISSUED BY 

The Columbia College of Osteopathy 

H 

3031 AUDITORIUM BUILDING 

Chicago, III., U. S. A. 



THF LIBRARY GF 

Two COPltS l^ECEIVE® 

iviAR, S 1902 

^-Copyright entry 
CLASS Or XXa Ho. 
COPY 8. 






CONTENTS 



LESSON XI 

Organs of Respiration 3 

The Digestive Apparatus 7 

The Skin 13 

The Male Generative Organs 15 

The Female Generative Organs , . 17 

Quiz 18 

LESSON XII 

Miscellaneous Information 19 

Osteopathy — Its Wonderful Success 19 

Osteopathy — Its Advocates 21 

Mental Therapy 23 

Osteopathy an Ally of Mental Therapy 24 

Mental Toxin and Anti-Toxin 26 

A Few Pointers 29 

Building Up a Practice 30 






1.: 



LESSON XI 



v::^ 



OSTIIOPATHIC ANATOMY AND 
PHYSIOLOGY 



ORGANS OF RESPIRATION 



The organs of respiration comprise the lungs and the air 
passages leading to them. The lungs are two in number, 
and are located in the thoracic cavity, one on each side of 
the median line, and separated from each other by the heart 
and its great blood-vessels, and by the larger air tubes. Each 
lung is cone-like in shape and extends upward to the lower 
border of the neck, and, excepting where the large blood- 
vessels and tubes enter, is covered with a strong but deli- 
cately constructed sac, known as the pleural sac. These sacs 
are together known as the pleura, and the space inclosed by 
each is known as the pleural cavity. One wall of each sac is 
closely adherent to the lung and the other to the concave 
inner wall of the chest. The lining of each sac secretes a 
fluid that allows the inner surfaces of its walls to glide easily 
upon each other in the process of breathing. 

The Air Passages are the interior of the nose, pharynx, 
larynx, windpipe or trachea, and the bronchial tubes. 

The Nose is lined with a mucous membrane, kept moist by 
the secretions of its mucous glands and warm by being richly 
supplied with blood, the air, therefore, in its passage through 
the nostrils coming in contact with a large extent of warm 
mucous membrane. The Pharynx is a passage for air as well 
as food, though the organs of respiration are sometimes said 
to begin with the larynx, which is located in front of and 
adjoining the upper end of the oesophagus. It is composed 
of several large cartilages controlled by muscles, and is so 
arranged as to form a kind of box, and has about the middle 
of it a dilatable opening called the glottis, through which 
respiration is performed, and by means of which articulate 
sounds are produced. 

The Trachea is a membranous, elastic tube which extends 



4 Osteopathy. 

downward from the larynx. Nearly opposite the third dorsal 
vertebra it divides into smaller tubes, called the right and left 
bronchial tubes, which enter the lungs. These in turn divide 
and subdivide like the branches and twigs of a tree, becom- 
ing smaller and smaller, until they finally end in lobules, i. e., 
oval sacs or bags. Covering the lobules, and dipping down 
between the adjoining walls of the air vesicles, is the net- 
work of capillary blood-vessels referred to in our lesson on the 
Circulation. The peculiar arrangement of the walls of the 
lobules affords an extensive surface of very delicate mem- 
brane for the aeration of blood, it being estimated that the 
extent of surface of all the vesicles is about 1,400 square feet,, 
and that in the course of twenty-four hours about 20,000 litres 
(35,000 pints) of blood traverse the capillaries, the blood cor- 
puscles passing in single file and being exposed to air on both 
surfaces. 

The process of respiration consists of inspiration, or breath- 
ing in, and expiration, or breathing out. The changes that 
take place in the air during respiration are as follows: In- 
spired air is robbed of a large part of its oxygen, which is 
appropriated by the blood between the adjacent walls of the 
air vesicles. At the same time the air acquires various mat- 
ters, the results of tissue changes which have been brought 
to the air cells by the circulation.- Hence expired air is 
charged with noxious materials and will not sustain com- 
bustion or maintain life. It contains carbonic acid in excess 
and small quantities of various excretory products similar to 
those excreted by the skin and kidneys, also an animal product 
which is prone to putrefy and is offensive. 

There are changes effected in the blood during respira- 
tion. The inhaled oxygen changes the color of the blood 
from the blue in the pulmonary veins to the scarlet in the 
capillaries of the lungs. The blood as sent from the right 
side of the heart to the lungs is venous, dark and impure, 
being laden down with waste products. But when it returns 
to the left side of the heart, from the lungs, it has become 
arterial, bright, pure and charged with nourishment for the 
tissues. This marvelous change is effected by the blood gain- 
ing oxygen and losing carbonic acid in the lungs. 

The Animal Heat is produced in proportion to the activity 
of internal changes, which changes are especially indicated 



Osteopathy. 5 

"by the absorption of oxygen and the exhalation of carbonic 
acid. The temperature of man in health is 98J to 99 de- 
grees F. A temperature of 105 degrees generally marks a 
severe attack of some disease; one above 105 denotes great 
danger, and a temperature of no to 112 is very quickly fatal. 
A temperature of 96 degrees denotes great danger and is a 
symptom of approaching collapse. Below 92 the probability 
of recovery is small. 




.— OsoAire or toe Chest. : 



A, Lungs. 
^» Heart 



D, Pulmonary Arterft; 
£, Thicliea. 



Osteopathy. 




Heart. 

The Lungs. 
tC, Diaphragm. 
jl). The Liver. 




Side view of th'e head and trunk?, 
' the hones and soft coverings of the, 
cavities heinjj removed, and thei 
face, throat, and spinal column' 
given in longitudinal sections^. 
The orcrans are in relief. A, lungs ; 
B, trachea • C, oesophagus ; T>, 
etomach ; E» diaphragm ; P, ;> 
Kmall portion of the liver; G, in- 
testines ; 11, heart ; I, spleen ; 
J, bladder. 




Alimentary Canal— Includ- 
ing Gullet, Stomach, Large mi«| 
Small Intestiues. 




(3!tfE KlDN£YS AND BLADDER, 



'A gastric gland. 



-Structure of a Salivary GlanDt 



Osteopathy. 7 

THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS 

It is well known that the maintenance of life depends upon 
the vitality of the innumerable cells of which each body is 
composed, and this vitality is largely influenced by food. From 
the food the blood is fed; from the blood the tissues are 
fed. The conversion of food in the body into blood is called 
Digestion. The organs of Digestion consist of the Alimentary 
Canal and its accessory organs. 

The Alimentary Canal is a muscular membranous tube, 
measuring in adults between 25 and 30 feet in length. It 
begins at the mouth and extends downward throughout the 
body. In it the digestion of the food is performed. It is 
lined throughout its entire length with a delicate but firm 
tissue, which is continuous with a similar lining of the air 
passages, the whole being known as the Mucous Membrane or 
"internal skin." This Mucous Membrane varies in thickness 
and general arrangement in different portions of the canal 
and contains numerous follicles for secretion and excretion, 
and its surface is covered with cells variously arranged. In 
addition to the digestive fluids which it secretes it contains 
a viscid fluid called mucus, which protects it and enables its 
opposing surfaces to glide easily upon each other in the vari- 
ous movements of the canal incident to digestion. The Ali- 
mentary Canal varies in size, form and structure, thereby 
forming the mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach and intes- 
tines. 

The mouth and its appendages are concerned in the earlier 
steps of digestion, and in health are supplied with a fluid 
called saliva. Behind the mouth, and at the first bend of 
the Alimentary Canal downward, is the pharynx, which is 
partly separated from the mouth by a movable curtain-like 
muscular flap called the soft-palate, and surrounded by three 
obliquely-placed muscles called the constrictors of the pharynx, 
which overlap each other and assist in the act of swallowing. 
The Oesophagus, or gullet, is the next portion of the Alimen- 
tary Canal, and connects the pharynx with the stomach. It 
is about nine inches long and lies upon the front and upper 
portion of the spinal column. Its walls contain certain mus- 
cular fibres which serve to propel the food toward the stomach. 
The wave-like motion caused by the alternate contraction and 



8 Osteopathy. 

relaxation of these fibres is called the Peristaltic Motion, and Is 
similar to that of the intestines. 

The Stomach is somewhat pear-shaped, the larger end 
being upon the left side of the body, beneath the ribs, in 
contact with the spleen, to which it is joined by a ligament 
of connective tissue. The smaller end is on the right side of 
the body, under the liver. It has two openings: one where 
the oesophagus enters, called the Cardiac opening because its 
location is near the heart, from which it is separated by the 
diaphragm; the other is styled the Pyloric or ''gate" opening, 
because it is provided with a muscular valve known as the 
pylorus or "gate keeper," the object of which is to prevent 
the premature exit of food from the stomach. 

The lining of the stomach is very soft and delicate and 
is amply supplied with blood-vessels, mucous glands and gastric 
tubules or follicles. These last secrete a thin, acid fluid, known 
as Gastric Juice. The muscles in the walls of the stomach 
and outside of its mucous membrane are involuntary and are 
arranged in three layers. Their alternate contraction and 
relaxation serve to agitate thoroughly the contents of the 
stomach. The remaining portion of the Alimentary Canal 
consists of the intestines, or bowels, which occupy the abdomi- 
nal cavity, and are divided into the small and large intestines. 

The Small Intestine is a cylindrical conduit, coiled upon 
itself and extending from the pylorus to the large intestine, 
its opening into which is guarded by the ileo-coecal valve, an 
arrangement which readily admits of the passage into the 
large intestine of refuse material, but interposes a very con- 
siderable barrier to its return. In the walls of the intestine, 
throughout nearly its entire length, are involuntary muscular 
fibres, which are abundantly supplied with a network of nerves. 
The lining of the intestine is very velvety, and throughout 
the larger part of the canal is arranged in transverse shelf- 
like folds, more or less circular in form, which by a winking 
motion sway backward and forward in the fluids of the intes- 
tines, retarding the passage of food and providing a very 
large surface for secretion and absorption. The velvety con- 
dition of the mucous membrane is due to its numerous cone- 
like elevations, presenting an appearance like plush, and known 
as the intestinal villi. There are more than ten million of 
these villi. Within them are numerous blood-vessels, which 



Osteopathy. 9 

empty into a large vein called the portal vein, which conveys 
to the liver certain products of digestion. They contain also 
other vessels, known as lacteals, which are a part of the won- 
derful system of vessels called the lymphatics, which are fully 
described in our lesson on the Circulation. These lacteals 
commence probably as blind extremities in the intestinal villi 
and empty into the receptacum chyli, a pouch lying upon the 
lumbar vertebrae. This pouch connects with the thoracic duct, 
a quill-like tube extending upward and emptying into the left 
subclavian vein the large vein under the left clavicle or collar- 
bone. 

In the mucous membrane of the intestine are numerous 
follicles, some of which secrete mucus and some a digestive 
fluid known as intestinal juice. Within about three inches of 
the pylorus, the duct from the gall bladder of the liver, and 
that from the pancreas, open into the intestine, admitting the 
bile and pancreatic juice. 

The large intestine begins at the ileo-coecal valve, in the 
right lower portion of the abdominal cavity, ascends upon the 
right side of the cavity, crosses over to the left underneath 
the stomach, and descends upon the left side, terminating the 
alimentary canal. Its commencement is known as the Coecum, 
which is a rounded cavity having a cylindrical tube from one 
to five inches long projecting from its lower portion, which 
tube is known as the vermiform appendix. Its uses are not 
fully known, some claiming it to be an attachment which 
was at one time needed to perform certain functions, but which 
has now outlived its usefulness ; while others claim that its 
office is to furnish a fluid which lubricates the intestine. Its 
best known office seems to be to furnish Drug Doctors with 
cases of Appendicitis upon which to perform dangerous and 
expensive operations. Osteopathy affords a simple, practical, 
effective cure for Appendicitis without the risk of the knife. 

The accessory digestive organs are the teeth, salivary 
glands, liver and pancreas. The spleen has been styled an 
accessory organ, but its function is not definitely known. 

The teeth are the organs of mastication, by which the food 
is thoroughly broken up into minute fragments and thus pre- 
pared for the softening and digestive action of the saliva. 

The Salivary Glands are important accessory organs of 
digestion. Their secretions, together with that from the glands 
of the general mucous surface of the mouth, constitute the 



lo Osteopathy. 

Saliva. This secretion is a thin alkaline fluid, whose function 
is to dissolve the particles of food, thus enabling us to taste; 
to soften food so that it may be the more readily chewed and 
swallowed; to keep the mouth moist and lubricated; and, 
finally, to transform some of the starch in food. A man 
secretes from one to three pounds of saliva per day. 

The Pancreas is an elongated fleshy organ near to and 
just behind the stomach, which secretes the pancreatic juice, 
a viscid alkaline fluid which is poured into the upper portion 
of the small intestine. It acts principally upon the fat in 
food. 

The Liver is the largest gland in the body. It secretes 
the bile, which is carried by a multitude of fine canals within 
the substance of the liver into a main tube which opens into 
the upper part of the small intestine before described. Part 
of this bile, however, passes through a branch of this main 
tube to the Gall Bladder, there to be stored for future use. 
This reservoir is a pear-shaped bag, about three inches in 
length, attached to the under side of the liver. 

In addition to the secretion of bile, the liver has another 
important function, the glycogenic function, so named from the 
substance called glycogen. This substance is formed in the 
liver from the digested materials brought to that organ by 
the portal vein, but is derived chiefly from the starch and 
sugar absorbed in the digestive process. It is formed during 
digestion and stored in the liver, to be gradually transformed, 
in the intervals of digestion, into glucose, or a sugar similar 
to grape sugar. 

The Bile is of a yellowish-green color and is constantly 
secreted; but the flow is increased soon after digestion in 
the stomach begins. About two and one-half pounds are 
secreted per day. It assists the pancreatic juice in preparing 
fat for absorption and assists in the prevention of decomposi- 
tion and putrefaction of food during its passage through the 
intestines and also increases the muscular action of the intes- 
tines. 

The various steps by which food is converted into the 
tissues of the body are: Mastication, Insalivation, Degluti- 
tion, Stomach and Intestinal Digestion, Absorption, Circula- 
tion and Assimilation. 

When food has been received into the mouth it is masti- 
cated by the teeth, assisted by the action of the tongue, lips 



Osteopathy. ii 

and cheeks. At the same time it is softened by insalivation, 
or a thorough mixture with saUva, and during this process 
part of the cooked starch in the food is changed into dextrine, 
and then into glucose, and is thus rendered soluble. This 
change is effected by the ptyaline of the saliva, which acts as 
a ferment and changes the chemical constitution of any sub- 
stance for which it has an affinity. 

The food, having been properly prepared, now moves to- 
ward the pharynx to be swallowed. The passage of the food 
to the stomach is then effected by the peristaltic action of 
the oesophagus. When the food reaches the stomach diges- 
tion begins. The mucous membrane becomes red from its 
engorgement with blood, and the gastric juice pours out in 
■abundance. The latter dissolves the connective tissue of meat, 
releases fat from its envelopes by breaking them up, and 
transforms some of the albuminous material, such as lean 
meat, the gluten of wheat and white of eggs, into albuminose, 
in which form they are capable of being absorbed. The trans- 
formation is effected by the ferment action of an organic 
ingredient of the gastric juice known as pepsin, in connec- 
tion with the acid ingredient. 

While the above processes are being carried on, the fluid 
portion of the food, both that which has entered the stomach 
as fluid and that which has been liquefied by stomach diges- 
tion, is rapidly taken up by the absorbents of the stomach and 
carried into the blood, while the more solid portions are thor- 
oughly intermingled with the gastric secretions by the churn- 
ing action of the muscles of the stomach. The unabsorbed 
food begins slowly to leave the stomach in about half an hour 
after its introduction, in the form of a gray semi-fluid, usually 
called chyme, which is a mixture of some of the sugar and 
salts of the food, of transformed starch or glucose, of softened 
starch, of broken fat and connective tissue, and of albuminose. 

The chyme, upon entering the intestine, comes in contact 
with the bile and the pancreatic and intestinal juices, and 
intestinal digestion commences. By means of these fluids 
most of the food not already softened is dissolved. From the 
digestion in the small intestine there results three substances, 
viz.: (i) Peptone, from the digestion of albuminous mat- 
ters; (2) Oiyle, from the emulsion of the fats; (3) Glu- 
cose, from the transformation of starch. These substances 
are to a large extent carried into the blood and become a part 



12 Osteopathy. 

of it, while the undigested food passes on into the large intes- 
tines or bowels. 

Absorption, or the process by which liquefied and trans- 
formed food is taken up by the veins and lacteals, is effected 
by endosmosis. By the blood vessels of the stomach, water,, 
and whatever is dissolved in the gastric juice, are rapidly 
absorbed and carried by the blood in the portal vein to the 
liver, together with the peptone, glucose and molecular fat 
which has reached the portal vein through the blood-vessels o£ 
the intestinal villi. This blood, after traversing the liver, 
reaches the right side of the heart. On the other hand, the 
chyle passes through the lacteals into the thoracic duct, to- 
gether with the lymph from the lower portions of the body, 
and is conveyed to the left sub-clavian vein, and so into the 
blood. We have explained in our lesson on The Circula- 
tion the process by which the blood carries the digested mate- 
rials to the various tissues of the body and by which each 
cell and tissue appropriates material so brought for its growth 
and development. 

Besides the organs already described, the abdominal cavity 
contains other important organs, the Kidneys, two in number,, 
located in the loins behind the intestines, one on each side of 
the spinal column. They are shaped like a bean, being about 
four inches long, two inches wide and one inch thick. The 
function of the kidneys is to purify the blood by removing 
from it a poisonous substance called urea and certain waste 
products. If their action is interfered with, blood poisoning 
takes place, on account of the accumulation of urea and effete 
materials in the system. The watery fluid secreted by the kid- 
neys is carried by two tubes, called ureters, to the bladder. 

The Bladder is located in the pelvis, behind the pubes, and_ 
serves as a reservoir for the urine. 

THE SKIN 

Some writers have likened the skin to a sentinel whose 
duty is to guard the body from attacks of the enemy, from 
both within and without. It consists of two distinct layers, 
the Dermis and Epidermis. The Dermis is also known as 
the Cutis Vera, or true skin, and the latter as the Cuticle, the 
scarf skin and the false skin. 

The Dermis, or deeper layer, is composed of a dense net- 



Osteopathy. 



13 



-work of fibrous and elastic tissue, in the meshes of v/hich are 
muscular fibres, blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves, sebace- 
ous and sweat glands, hair and hair follicles. Under it, and 
closely blended with it, is the sub-cutaneous tissue, which con- 
tains blood-vessels, lymphatics, nerves, muscular fibres and 
adipose tissue. 

The Epidermis, or superficial layer of the skin, is com- 
posed entirely of cells and is devoid of blood-vessels and 
nerves. By attrition and chemical action, the outer cells of 
the epidermis are almost constantly being removed, while the 
deeper ones, formed from the dermis, are being pushed for- 
ward to take their place, growing harder and flatter as they 
approach the surface. Having no nerves, the epidermis is not 
sensitive; and being without blood-vessels, can not bleed. It 
is adapted as a covering and protection to the sensitive tissues 
beneath. 

Classed as appendages of the skin are the sweat and sebace- 
ous glands (with their ducts) and the hair and nails. In the 
dermis and sub-cutaneous tissue are the sweat glands, con- 
sisting of numerous coils of exceedingly minute tubing, sur- 
rounded on all sides by a fine network of blood-vessels; the 
lower extremity of each coil being closed and turned toward 
its centre. From the blood in the blood-vessels the perspira- 
tion is being constantly filtered out by the tubular sweat 
glands. It is estimated that there are nearly three million 
sweat glands on the human body, and the entire length of 
the secreting tubes is said to be between two and three miles. 
The purpose of these glands is to eliminate the debris of used- 
up tissues and to keep the body comfortable in varying tem- 
peratures and conditions. The amount of perspiration ex- 
creted in twenty-four hours is from two to three pounds, 
under ordinary circumstances, but men working in iron mills, 
etc., may perspire as much as three pints in an hour. The 
sebaceous glands secrete an oily matter which lubricates the 
skin and hair. They are located in the Dermis, and are simple 
or compound follicles. 

The hair bulb or root enlargements are inserted either 
in special hair sacs or follicles or in sebaceous follicles. Each 
hair is oval or somewhat flattened, and is composed of a pith- 
like substance in the centre, surrounded by a fibrous tissue, 
and this by a so-called cuticle of epidermis-like cells. Hairs 




,THE SKIN 



14 Osteopathy. 

are well supplied with blood at the base of the hair follicles,. 

and are living tissues, strong and elastic. 

The nails are modifications of the epidermis, identical in 

formation, but peculiar in appearance and manner of growth. 

The nail rests in a matrix, which is a fold of the dermis, 

particularly rich in papillae, from which the nail cells are 

produced. When nails are destroyed, new ones will be formed- 

if the matrix is uninjured. 

The functions of the skin are six in number, as follows : 
(i) A covering and protection to the external surface of- 

the body. 

(2) An organ of sensation. 

(3) An organ of excretion. 

(4) A regulator of temperature. 

(5) An organ of absorption. This is its least known'; 
function, but it is a physiological fact that the skin will 
absorb certain drugs, poisons, oily substances, etc. 

(6) An accessory organ of breathing. It absorbs a small 
amount of oxygen and gives out a larger amount of car- 
bonic acid, performing, it is estimated, about one-fiftieth, or 
more, of the respiratory function. 

Owing to the above named qualities or functions the skin 
is a valuable ally to the lungs, liver, bowels and kidneys, and. 
its condition has much to do with the general health. 

THE MALE GENERATIVE ORGANS 

The organs of generation in the male consist of the Penis,, 
the Testes, the Prostate Gland, Cowper's Glands and the 
Vesiculae Seminales. 

The Penis consists of erectile tissue arranged in three cylin- 
drical compartments, each surrounded by a fibrous sheath. It 
is the organ of copulation, and consists of a root, body and ex- 
tremity, the latter being known as the glans penis. 

The Testes or testicles are glandular organs, suspended in 
the scrotum by the spermatic cords, and secrete the seminal 
fluid. The scrotum is the pouch containing the testes and a 
part of the spermatic cord. Its appearance differs under dif- 
ferent aspects and influences. In the young and robust man 
it is short, corrugated and closely surrounds the testes, while 
in the old or weak man it becomes extended and flabby. Warm 
weather causes it to extend and become loose and cold weather 



Osteopathy. 15 

the reverse. The spermatic cord, which is composed of ar- 
teries, veins, 13'mphatics, nerves, the excretory ducts of the tes- 
ticle, etc., support the testes in the scrotum. 

The Prostate Gland is a muscular, glandular body located 
immediately in front of the neck of the bladder. It resembles 
in size and shape a horse chestnut, and when enlarged may be 
distinctly felt by the finger inserted in the rectum. 

Cowper's Glands consist of several lobules held together 
and are about the size of peas. They are situated one on each 
side of the membranous portion of the urethra, close above the 
bulb. 

The Vesiculae Seminales, or seminal vesicles, are small 
pouches lying between the rectum and the base of the bladder. 
They serve as reservoirs for the semen, also secreting a fluid 
to be added to the secretions of the testicles. 

Erection of the penis is caused by the overfilling of the organ 
with blood, the size of the organ being increased very mate- 
rially, and the blood pressure being largely increased. There 
is also a higher temperature, with at first a pulsatile move- 
ment, increased consistence and then erection of the organ. 
The semen passes from the testes to the Vesiculae Seminales, 
and emission occurs by strong peristaltic contractions of the 
parts controlling the act. 

It has long been known that percussion and manipulation 
of the sacral region and buttocks acted as a stimulant to th 
sexual organs, and was a valuable remedy for impotence in 
man and sterility in women. The ancient Romans practiced 
whipping of the buttocks for sexual weaknesses, and libertines 
have employed a vigorous spanking for the same purpose. 
Cases have been known where whipping of boys has given 
rise to involuntary action of the genital organs, and the same 
result has been noted in cases where men have been punished 
at the whipping post. The explanation of the above stated 
phenomena is to be found in the fact that the nerves con- 
trolling these parts may be reached and stimulated by manipu- 
lation and movements applied to the sacral region, the nerves 
thereby being freed and stimulated and allowed to perform 
their natural functions. 

FEMALE GENERATIVE ORGANS 

The external generative organs of the female are the Mons 
Veneris, the Labia Majora, the Labia Minora, the Clitoris, the 



i6 



Osteopathy. 



Meatus Urinarius and the Orifice of the Vagina. The term 
Vulva, as generally applied, includes all these parts. 

The Mons Veneris is a round eminence in front of the pubis 
symphysis, formed by a collection of fatty tissue beneath the 
integument. 

The Labia Majora are two prominent longitudinal cutaneous 
folds extending downward from the Mons Veneris to the an- 
terior boundary of the perineum. 




Female Pelvic Orsrans. 



The Labia Minora, or nymphae, are two folds of mucous 
membrane, hidden posteriorly in the Labia Majora, but an- 
teriorly they embrace the Clitoris, forming its prepuce. 

The Clitoris is an erectile organ, analogous to the penis in 
man. It is partially hidden by the Labia Minora. Its body is 
short and is concealed behind the Labia. Its extremity or glans 
is a small rounded tubercle, which is extremely sensitive and 
easily excited. 

The Meatus Urinarius is the orifice of the urethra, and is 



Osteopathy. 17 

located near the margin of the Vagina, about an inch below 
the Clitoris. 

The Orifice of the Vagina is below the Meatus Urinarius 
and is surrounded by the sphincter vaginae muscle. It is usu- 
ally partly closed by the hymen in the virgin. The hymen 
is a membranous fold, which closes to a greater or less ex- 
tent the opening of the Vagina. Copulation and other causes 
rupture the hymen, although cases have been known where it 
remained after copulation. 

The internal generative organs of the female are the Vagina, 
the Uterus and its appendages, the Fallopian Tubes, the Ova- 
ries and their ligaments and the Round ligaments. 

The Vagina is situated in front of the rectum and behind 
the bladder, and extends from the Vulva to the Uterus. It 
curves upward and backward. 

The Uterus is a hollow, pear-shaped muscular organ, about 
three inches long, two inches broad and one inch thick. It is 
the organ of gestation, receiving the fecundated ovum in its 
cavity, supporting and retaining it during the development of 
the fetus. 

The Fallopian Tubes are really the ducts of the OVaries. 
They convey the ova from the Ovaries to the cavity 
in the Uterus. They are two in number, one on each side, each 
tube being about four inches in length. 

The Ovaries are oval-shaped bodies, about an inch and a 
half in length, three-quarters of an inch in width and about a 
third of an inch in thickness. They are analogous to the testes 
in the male. 

Puberty in the female begins from the thirteenth to fifteenth 
year in temperate climates, although much earlier in the trop- 
ics. Between the ages of forty and fifty years the procreative 
function ceases in the female, the menses ceasing. 

Menstruation is the term applied to the monthly flow from 
the genitals of the female. It lasts usually three or four days. 
The normal period between periods is twenty-eight days. 

QUIZ QUESTIONS 

1. Name and describe the Organs of Respiration. 

2. What are the changes effected in the blood during 
Respiration ? 

3. What is the temperature of a man in health? 

4. Name and describe the Organs of Digestion. « ; 



i8 Osteopathy. 

5. Describe the functions of the Liver. 

6. What is the Bile, and what is its purpose ? 

7. Describe the Kidneys, and state their purpose? 

8. Describe the Skin. 

9. What are the purposes of the Sweat Glands? 

10. State the amount of Perspiration excreted in twenty- 
four hours. 

11. Name the Male Generative Organs. 

12. State the theory of the treatment for impotence and 
sexual weakness. 

13. Name the Female Generative Organs (external). 

14. Name the Female Generative Organs (internal). 

15. State the age of puberty in females. 

16. When do the menses cease? 



LELSSON XII 



MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION 



OSTEOPATHY-ITS WONDERFUL SUCCESS 

Osteopathy is well known in the large cities, and the majority 
of people applying there for treatment by Osteopathy are ac- 
quainted with it and familiar with its merits. In the smaller 
cities and towns, however, it may be necessary for you to tell 
your prospective patients something about the new school of 
healing. You should be able to do this from your study of 
the underlying principles, theory, etc., as contained in Part I. 
The following lines upon the success of Osteopathy may also 
be used in your explanation, not forgetting to quote and ex- 
hibit the testimonials from eminent people which close this 
article. 

A few years ago Osteopathy was an untried agency and an 
unproved theory. To-day it stands upon a far different basis. 
It has been tried and has nobly stood the test of practice. It 
has been used in an untold number of cases, and the result is 
no longer a matter for questioning. It has passed through 
the experimental stage, and now occupies the position of an 
exact science. Some of the most learned men in the medical 
world have adopted its principles and practice. The Osteopath 
has replaced the Drug Doctor in thousands of homes in this 
country and Europe — in fact, all over the world. A few years 
ago one single man. Dr. A. T. Still, the founder of Osteopathy. 
was proclaiming this method of curing disease, in the face of 
the ridicule and opposition of the medical world. To-day 
hundreds of representatives — ^men who, by reason of their 
scholarship and conscientious attainment, have earned a right 
to the public attention and confidence — are practicing Osteop- 
athy and proclaiming its therapeutic and scientific value. The 
day of false statement and popular prejudice has passed, and 
the people refuse to be longer bound by the narrowness and 
ignorance of the Drug Doctors or by the monopoly of medi- 
cine. Ten years ago there were only three or four Osteopaths 

19 



20 Osteopathy. 

in the world. To-day they number thousands, and the de- 
mand is still rapidly growing. Ten years ago Osteopathy was 
wholly unknown to the general public. To-day it has its vota- 
ties and followers in every State, and is patronized by the 
most progressive, cultured and intelligent people. Governors, 
Senators, statesmen, clergymen and lawyers have partaken of 
its benefits and are loudly sounding its praises. Ten years ago 
the founder of Osteopathy was little more than an itinerant 
doctor, ostracised by his own profession and viefwed with sus- 
picion by the public. To-day Osteopathy has its dozens of 
colleges, schools, professors, teachers, practitioners and writ- 
ers, and is enshrined in the grateful memory of the people, with 
a record of hundreds of thousands of cured cases. And yet 
it is merely in its swaddling clothes. And it is no wonder that 
Osteopathy has made such rapid strides. Being founded on 
common sense, and with a rational, natural and scientific ex- 
planation for all its treatment, is it at all wonderful that, when 
tested by results and found able to make good its claims, the 
world should be willing to accept? The fact that it seldom 
fails, and never does harm, is enough of itself to cause the 
world to turn from the antiquated system of drug medication 
which so seldom succeeds, and which numbers its victims, 
wrecked by error and ignorance, as the sands of the seashore 
or the leaves of the forest. Osteopathy has demonstrated that 
drugs are not essential to the cure of disease, and the people 
have shouted with joy at their deliverance from the knife and 
poison. 

Is Osteopathy a success? The question is answered by the 
number of people pouring into the offices of the Osteopaths 
of the land — yes, being turned away from their doors because 
the practitioners find it impossible to accommodate all who 
present themselves. Will it continue to succeed? The day of 
Osteopathy's success is just dawning. The past and present 
are merely hints of its future. There is no occupation to-day 
that offers anything like the opportunity for an active, am- 
bitious man or woman as does this new science of healing. The 
Osteopath does not have to sit down and wait for patients as 
does the M. D. On the contrary, the supply of Osteopaths 
does not begin to fill the constantly increasing demand of the 
people for treatment. Of what other profession is this true? 
Is it any wonder that M. D.'s are taking down their shingles 
and putting up new signs bearing the magic word, "Osteo- 
path"; that lawyers are forsaking their briefs and taking up 



Osteopathy. 21 

this new profession; that clergymen are taking up the heal- 
ing of bodies as well as the saving of souls ? Is it any wonder 
that the ranks of Osteopathy are being recruited from the num- 
ber of the young men and young women of to-day ? It would 
be indeed a wonder were it otherwise. Our young America is 
composed of young men and women too shrewd and watchful 
of the main chance to allow an opportunity of this kind to 
pass. 

Read what the following prominent people have to say re- 
garding our wonderful system of healing : 

OSTEOPATHY— ITS ADVOCATES* 

Hon. L. V. Stephens, Governor of Missouri, says: "The 
science of Osteopathy, as far as it has come under my observa- 
tion, assists in relieving suffering humanity." 

Mrs. W. M. Springer, wife of Congressman Springer, now 
Chief Justice of the Court of Appeals, Indian Territory: *T 
can never say enough in praise of Osteopathy. It relieved me 
from unbearable invalidism. I have seen it do the same for 
scores of others. I believed before I tried it that it was a 
scientific method, * * * and now I am convinced that 
Osteopathy is rational, scientific and wonderful. It will be 
the greatest blessing to the world." 

E. H. Pratt, A.M., M. D., LL.D., a professor in one of the 
leading medical colleges of Chicago and one of the most prom- 
inent surgeons in the United States. He took the time to in- 
vestigate Osteopathy, after which he wrote an extended article 
indorsing it in the warmest terms, a few sentences of which 
are as follows : 'The fact that relief can be afforded to many 
cases without drugs and without the knife is influential in at- 
tracting multitudes of sufferers, who are seeking for the easiest, 
least dangerous and cheapest possible deliverance from their 
afflictions. * * * There are many and astonishing cures 
in the multitude of patients that are patronizing Osteopathy 
at the present time." 

"As to the method of applying Osteopathic principles in 
practice, it is the effort of the Osteopath to reach the sympa- 
thetic nerve centers at every available point. Its utility as a 
means of cure is already established beyond question. Its per- 
manency of existence is also insured, for no truth when it is 
once disclosed is ever extinguished by the mind of man." 



22 Osteopathy. 

Hon. Robert L. Taylor, former Governor of Tennessee: 
"When a century later historians are sifting the events of this 
time for the epoch-making discoveries of science and civiliza- 
tion, there will be few chapters more important, I think, than 
that devoted to the reformation in medicine which will have 
come about through the acceptance and practice of the system 
known as Osteopathy." 

Ex-Governor William P. Dillingham, of Vermont : "I have 
employed practitioners of that school," said he, "to treat mem- 
bers of my family, and have been particularly pleased with 
the results. I firmly believe that this practice is based on scien- 
tific principles and is an advance in medical science." 

Ex-Governor Joslah Grout, of Vermont: "Osteopathy has 
been tried by the leading men and women of the State, and 
they all testify to its merits." 

Governor H. S. Pingree, of Michigan: "Osteopathy is a 
science entitled to all respect and confidence as a distinct ad- 
vancement in medicine. I know it is doing a vast amount of 
good in relieving suffering and deformity." 

Opie Read, the well-known writer : "When in the future an 
estimative intelligence sums up the great discoveries of the 
nineteenth century, I believe that the science of Osteopathy 
will be appointed a place near the head of the list." 

Governor Edwin C. Smith, of Vermont, the present official 
head of the State, is an ardent admirer of Osteopathy. Says 
he: "My experience with Osteopathy has been very grati- 
fying." 

Ex-Governor John P. Altgeld, of Illinois: "When pre- 
scriptions and drugs were as ineffectual as empty words, it 
(Osteopathy) came to the rescue of myself and Mrs. Altgeld, 
and did that which other things had failed to do. Honor those 
to whom honor is due." 

Hon. T. A. Briggs, former Governor of South Dakota : 
"Osteopathy has helped me. It has also done good in my fam- 
ily, and will hurt no one." 

Hon. John R. Tanner, when Governor of Illinois: "There 
rs no doubt in my mind that Osteopathy will reach and cure 
many chronic troubles that medicine would have little or no 
effect on. This is testified to by men and women in the highest 
walks of life and from all over the State of Illinois." 



Osteopathy. 23 

Governor B. McMillin, of Tennessee: "It is one of the 
greatest discoveries of the time." 

Governor L. M. Shaw, of Iowa : "I am fully convinced that 
Osteopathy is a rational system of healing." 

Mrs. Julia B. Foraker, wife of Ohio's distinguished states- 
man, Hon. Joseph B. Foraker, is a warm advocate of our sys- 
tem of healing. The case of her little son Arthur was the 
means of converting many prominent people to our teachings. 
Skilled' physicians of the old schools pronounced the case hope- 
less, but the trouble yielded satisfactorily to Osteopathic treat- 
ment. Mrs. Foraker says: "My opinion of Osteopathy has 
been published through the country, and I have no reason to 
<:hange it. In addition to the benefits received in my own 
family, I have witnessed many wonderful cures resulting from 
this new method. This new practice is not a fad, but a sci- 
ence well worthy the attention of the scientific world. I am a 
friend of Osteopathy, and shall do all in my power to promote 
its success everywhere." 



MENTAL THERAPY AN AID TO 
OSTE.OPATHY 



Many of our readers have no doubt familiarized them- 
selves, to a greater or lesser degree, with the effect of the 
mind upon the body, in health and disease. It is a well known 
fact that a depressed condition of mind will manifest itself in 
physical disorders, and that many diseases can be traced to 
this cause. It is likewise well known that if you can manage 
to inspire hope and renewed confidence in the mind of the 
patient, a marked improvement in his physical condition will 
be apparent. The Drug Doctors are becoming better ac- 
quainted with this fact, and are acting accordingly. They not 
only prescribe their drugs but they stimulate the mind of the 
patient with healthful suggestions and thus improve his chances 
of recovery, in fact in very many instances the cure may be 
credited entirely to the mental uplift, rather than to the drugs. 

Osteopaths must recognize these facts, and must accord- 
ingly endeavor to supplement their work by assuming a 
cheerful, confident manner, which will inspire a correspond- 
ing feeling in the mind of the patient, thereby gaining his 
mental co-operation toward a satisfactory result. It is much 
easier to obtain results in a patient who is aided mentally in 



24 Osteopathy. 

the recuperative work, than in the case of a patient who is 
puUing against you all the time by maintaining a depressed, 
hopeless, doubting state of mind. Give cheerful suggestions 
whenever possible, and endeavor to inspire the patient with 
hope, courage, confidence and other uplifting feelings; and be 
always on the lookout for ''blue" depressed feelings, so that 
you may rout them by the proper suggestions. 

We reprint, by permission, two articles originally ap- 
pearing in the magazine New Thought, of Chicago. The first 
article, entitled ^'Osteopathy an Ally of Mental Therapy," by 
George M. Raleigh, D. O., M. S., points out the value of 
combining Osteopathy with Mental Therapy. This article has 
attracted much attention from adherents of both schools of 
drugless healing, and has done much to bring them together, 
combining their methods. The second article, ''Mental Toxin 
and Anti-Toxin," by William Walker Atkinson, a well known 
writer upon Mental Therapy, shows the baneful effect of de- 
pressed mental states upon the body, and is worthy of careful 
reading by every practitioner of Osteopathy or any other 
branch of the healing art. 

We reproduce both of these articles, without further com- 
ment, at the same time recommending that you speak upon the 
subject to such of your patients as seem to need it. You can 
show your depressed patient the importance of changing his 
mental attitude, as set forth in Mr. Atkinson's article, and you 
can win the confidence of families favoring Mental Therapy 
by pointing out that Osteopathy is not antagonistic to their 
favorite form of treatment, but, on the contrary, is in full 
harmony with it. There are many Mental Scientists, and oth- 
ers, who would gladly avail themselves of the benefits of 
Osteopathy, if the matter were clearly presented to them. 

This is a good place to say to you that you should never 
assail any other system of drugless healing, but should on the 
contrary take the position that there is good in all of them, 
but that Osteopathy really accomplishes all that is claimed by 
the other schools, and has certain points of advantage, and 
accomplishes the result in a shorter time. We recently saw 
a few lines, which, adapted, give very good advice to the 
young Osteopath. The lines read as follows: 

"And if you are an Osteopath, and wish to gain renown, 
Just make your work perfection — don't run your rivals down.'* 

This is good business judgment, as well as being ethical. 



Osteopathy. 25 

^OSTEOPATHY AN ALLY OF MENTAL THERAPY'^ 

By George M. Raleigh, D.O., M.S. 

"Close observers have noticed that the friends of Mental 
Science and other forms of the New Thought movement are 
taking quite kindly to Osteopathy, and many practitioners of 
Mental Healing now combine Osteopathy with their other 
forms of treatment. There are good reasons for this, and I 
am of the opinion that the future will see the two great schools 
of drugless healing, i. e., Mental Therapy and Osteopathy, 
standing shoulder to shoulder in the advance rank of the 
army of rational therapeutic methods. 

''Mental Therapy holds that the majority of human ail- 
ments are caused by improper thinking, and that the cure lies 
in the correction of this improper thinking, by replacing the 
old thoughts with the new healthful, normal thoughts of health 
and vigor. Osteopathy does not dispute the mental origin of 
disease, but it teaches that the direct physical manifestation 
of the complaint is to be found in impaired or obstructed 
circulation, pressure upon the nerves, displacements, etc., and 
that by manipulation and scientific handling and stimulation 
of the parts, a normal condition is restored, and Health re- 
sults. 

'Tt will be noticed that there is nothing fundamentally 
antagonistic in the respective claims of the two schools. The 
Osteopath sees the physical manifestation of the disease and 
aims to correct it ; the Mental Healer seeks to remove the 
mental cause, and by inducing new thought action aims to 
remove the abnormal physical condition and prevent its recur- 
rence. Both recognize the abnormal physical condition and 
seek to remove it; the one through direct physical methods, 
the other through mental processes acting upon the physical. 
The real aim of both is to get rid of the abnormal physical 
condition. The majority of leading Osteopaths recognize and 
appreciate the influence of the mind over the body, and the 
most successful among them combine mental treatment with 
their Osteopathic manipulations, and, on the other hand, many 
practitioners of Mental Therapy combine Osteopathic manipu- 
lations with their regular treatment. Only the extremists and 
fanatics, on either side, refuse to admit the merits of the other 
school of healing. 

"When it is remembered how many patients come to the 
Mental Healer, who are not able or willing to follow instruc- 
tions, and who find it 'too hard work' to control their 
thoughts, or who become impatient at the apparent slowness 
of cure, or who want the healer to 'do something for me,' it 
will be seen how well Osteopathy fills the demand in these 



26 Osteopathy. 

cases. And, again, the Mental Healer, by the knowledge 
imparted by Osteopathy, is enabled to direct his suggestions 
or directions more intelligently than if such knowledge is 
lacking. The Magnetic Healer is enabled to apply his healing 
methods with a greater degree of precision if he understands 
the principles underlying Osteopathy. And both healers are 
enabled to get quicker results and to please and satisfy those 
applying for treatment. 

'Tn my own opinion, Osteopathy and Mental Therapy, 
combined, furnish the ideal drugless treatment. In my own 
treatment I used both methods, one or the other, or the two 
combined, according to the nature of the case, and the preju- 
dices, preferences, opinions and 'notions' of the patient. By 
using Osteopathy, the patient experiences immediate relief, 
gains confidence, plucks up courage and has faith and hope, 
and after these points have been gained the road is clear 
for the Mental Treatment. If the patient is 'blue,' discour- 
aged, pessimistic and 'takes no stock' in Osteopathy, I always 
combine vigorous Mental suggestions while I am manipulating 
according to Osteopathic principles. 

"When we understand the rationale of Mental Therapy, 
we see that the zvay the Mind accomplishes its results is by 
increasing the circulation, sending increased nerve force to 
the afflicted parts, etc. Now, by means of Osteopathy, this 
work is made much easier for the Mental Forces. By the 
manipulations the circulation is equalized and made normal, 
particularly if the mind is working in the same direction. 
The mind is not given the whole task to perform ; the labor 
is divided. Then in cases successfully treated by Mental 
Therapy there are always deposits, abnormal secretions, ob- 
structions, etc., to be carried off by the circulation and other 
channels of elimination. The mind can do this work, but 
how much easier can it do this when it is actively aided by 
intelligent and scientific manipulation, stimulation, etc. By 
this division of labor only a portion of the Mind's energies 
is needed for this part of the task, and the energy thus saved 
is used to excellent advantage in rebuilding, repairing and 
strengthening the entire system. By this combined method 
there is co-operation, co-ordination and reciprocity between 
Mind and Body and a perfect result is attained. 

"To Mental Science, Osteopathy comes not as an enemy, 
but as a brother in arms, and an ally." 

''MENTAL TOXIN AND ANTI-TOXIN^ 

By William Walker Atkinson. 

"In these days of toxin and anti-toxin — ^of poison in 
sausages, oysters, canned beef, ice cream — of anti-poisoning 



Osteopathy. 27 

serums (that often are more deadly than the original toxin) 
for the prevention and cure of tuberculosis, leprosy, pneumo- 
nia, typhoid fever, tetanus, bubonic plague, diphtheria, and the 
rest of the hst, it requires courage to call the attention of the 
public to a new 'toxin,' even if at the same time we furnish 
an anti-toxin that 'anti-toxicates.' 

''We shudder at the thought of microbes and bacilli — and 
thereby attract them to us ; we filter our drinking water, after 
boiling all the life out of it ; we develop into microbe hunters, 
and see poison in everything we wear, eat, drink or breathe. 
But we overlook the microbes in the thoughts we think. We 
encourage the enterprising doctor in his giddy chase after 
the nimble dollar, as he produces anti-toxin serums to order. 
The poor. Broken-down cart horse is worked overtime in 
producing filthy pus and serum for the serum-maniac to inject 
into our circulation. But we overlook the pure, harmless, 
powerful anti-toxin obtained fresh from the cells of the brain — 
Right Thinking. 

"That Thoughts may poison is a well-proven fact. De- 
pressing thoughts interfere with the cerebral circulation, im- 
pairing the nutrition of the cells and nerve centers. The result 
is that the organs and tissues manifest lost or impaired func- 
tion — loss of general nutrition follows — and a break-down is 
inevitable. Fear, worry, anger, envy, jealousy and other nega- 
tive thoughts reflect themselves most disastrously in the human 
system. Fear has paralyzed nerve-centers and turned the hair 
white over night. A mother's milk has been poisoned by a 
fit of anger. Fear and Hate — father and son — have produced 
insanity, idiocy, paralysis, cholerina, jaundice, sudden decay of 
teeth, fatal anaemia, skin diseases, erysipelas and eczema. Epi- 
demics owe their rapid spread and heavy death rate to Fear 
and Ignorance. Epidemics may kill their dozens — Fear kills 
its thousands. All the brood of negative, fearful, selfish, hate- 
ful thoughts manifest themselves in physical conditions. Stig- 
mata, or marks upon the body, caused by fear or desire, are 
quite common in the annals of medical science and psychology. 

''Professor Gates, of the Smithsonian Institution, Washing- 
ton, D. C, in his investigations of the effect of mental states 
upon the body, found that irascible, malevolent and depressing 
emotions generated in the system injurious compounds, some 
of which were extremely poisonous ; he also found that agree- 
able, happy emotions generated chemical compounds of nutri- 
tious value, which stimulated the cells to manufacture energy. 
He says: 'Bad and unpleasant feelings create harmful chem- 
ical products in the body which are physically injurious. Good, 
pleasant, benevolent feelings create beneficial chemical products 
which are physically healthful. These products may be de- 



28 Osteopathy. 

tected by chemical analysis in the perspiration and secretions 
of the individual. More than forty of the good, and as many 
of the bad, have been detected. Suppose half a dozen men in 
a room. One feels depressed, another remorseful, another ill- 
tempered, another jealous, another cheerful, another benevo- 
lent. Samples of their perspiration are placed in the hands of 
the psycho-physicist. Under his examination they reveal all 
these emotional conditions distinctly and unmistakably.' Re- 
member, this is not the 'airy fancy of some enthusiastic Mental 
Scientist,' but is the testimony of a leading scientific investi- 
gator in the laboratories of the Smithsonian Institution, one of 
the best knovv^n scientific institutions of the world. 'Chemical 
analysis,' mind you — not 'transcendental imaginings.' 

"Now I have said enough about the toxin and some little 
about the anti-toxin of the Mind. I might go on for hours, 
stating example after example, illustration after illustration, 
but the tale would be just the same. Now what are you 
going to do about it? Are you going to keep on poisoning 
yourself and those around you with vile, malignant thoughts 
reeking with the miasmatic effluvia of Hate — emitting the 
noxious exhalation of Fear and Worry? Or will you cease 
being a psychic pest-house, and begin to fumigate and dis- 
infect your Mind? And after getting rid of all the microbes 
of Fear and Worry and the bacilli of Hate, Jealousy and Envy, 
open wide the windows of the Mind and admit the bright 
Sunshine of Love and the bracing air of Confidence and Fear- 
lessness. 

^'Come, friends, let us get out of this habit of poisoning 
the air with Fear, Worry and Hate Thought. Let us join 
the ranks of the Don't Worry company — the Fearless brigade — 
the invincible, conquering army of Love. Let us be bright, 
cheerful and happy — the other things are not worth while. 
Let us be Confident, Expectant, Hopeful and Fearless — these 
things are winners. Let us be filled with Love for all men — 
and we will find that Life is one sweet song. Love, Faith 
and Fearlessness are the ingredients of Life's great Anti-Toxin. 
Try it and be blessed." 



A FEW POINTERS 



While Osteopathic treatment can be administered on a bed, 
couch or recHning chair, etc., the best plan is to have an Oste- 
opathic table, measuring 2 feet 6 inches high, 2 feet 6 inches 
wide, and about 6 feet long. This table can be made as plain 
or as elaborate as the wishes and purse of the operator may- 
indicate. A cheap pine table, of the above dimensions, with 
a blanket or bed-quilt spread over it, and a pillow at the head, 
will answer very well, where economy is desirable. The more 
expensive tables are upholstered with leather, or some durable 
material. The table should of course be strongly made, and 
capable of supporting the weight of the patient without a 
strain. 

The question is often asked, "Must the patient remove his 
or her clothing?" The answer is that the less clothing, the 
better the operator can reach the parts, but when the patient 
is of the opposite sex to the operator some discretion must 
be used. In all cases, sufficient clothing should be removed 
to enable the operator to administer the manipulations and 
movements without being unduly hindered. Many Osteopaths 
have a loose robe of some soft material, fashioned somewhat 
after the famous ''Mother Hubbard" gowns of a few years 
ago, which they keep in their office for the use of their female 
patients. This, of course, necessitates the use of a dressing 
room, which is a good thing to have in any event. It is not 
necessary to expose the person of the patient, except in very 
rare cases, and the operator should use delicacy in this mat- 
ter, so as not to shock the sense of modesty in the patient. 

The operator should give his treatments in a slow, careful, 
gentle manner, never hurrying through. The patient should 
be taught to thoroughly relax the muscles and take the ten- 
sion off of every nerve, and lie perfectly passive and at rest. 

The operator should refrain from giving vigorous treat- 
ments to a woman in pregnancy, as cases have been known 
in which an unduly vigorous treatment resulted in bringing 
on a miscarriage. In fact, it is better to avoid giving treat- 
ments to women in this condition, unless it be a light treat- 
ment of the head, neck, etc. Drawing the arms above the 



30 Osteopathy. 

head and pressing at the same time on the spine in the lower 
dorsal region, or flexing the legs against the chest, are two 
particularly dangerous movements at this time, and we espe- 
cially caution you against giving same, under such circum- 
stances. 



BUILDING UP A PRACTICE 



We are supposing that you have taken up the study of 
Osteopathy with a view toward changing your present occu- 
pation after you have fully acquired the working principles of 
Osteopathy, and have enough practice in sight to justify you 
in giving up your present work. You begin with the first 
lessons, and after mastering the instruction therein imparted, 
you pass to the second, and so on. You should have some 
one upon whom you could practice the different manipula- 
tions and movements, thus familiarizing yourself with their 
principles and educating the hand as well as the head. You 
should practice the manipulations and movements until they 
come as natural and easy to you as any other familiar move- 
ment, such as handling the pen; knife and fork, etc. When 
your hands "learn to do the work themselves," thus leaving the 
head clear for planning out the most desirable combinations of 
treatment for each particular case, etc., you will be in an 
excellent condition to successfully treat any case that may 
present itself. 

But you need not wait until you have attained this degree 
of proficiency before you take patients. Your best plan is to 
begin treating as soon as possible. Of course you cannot ex- 
pect to obtain pay patients from the very start, but invite your 
friends and _acquaintances to come to your room to be treated 
in the evenings, while you are studying. The result will be 
that you will obtain valuable practical experience, confidence 
in yourself, proficiency in the various movements and manipu- 
lations, and at the same time will be advertising your work. 
You will find that you will be able to get any amount of people 
who are willing to be treated, providing they do not have to 
pay. They will be, for the most part, chronic cases that have 
been to doctor after doctor, without benefit. You will be able 
to relieve a large percentage of these cases, and make a reason- 
able number of complete cures, in a very short time, and your 
fame will be spread far and wide by the persons relieved and 



Osteopathy. 31 

their friends. When you have gotten fairly started in the 
work, you will be able to charge a moderate fee from those 
who are able to pay, and even before you graduate you may 
be in receipt of a fair income from your practice, although 
until you have your diploma to show that you are fully quali 
fied people will be disinclined to pay. 

Remember, every person you relieve is sure to send you 
another patient, and from a very small beginning (even one 
charity patient) may grow an enormous practice. There is 
practically no limit to what you can do in the way of building 
up a practice, and as the amount you earn depends entirely 
upon your own efforts, you are really the master of your own 
fortune. And you will know that every dollar you earn comes 
to you, and no employer takes the cream and leaves you the 
skim-milk for your services. 

So go to work and give treatments, right and left, to any 
one who will take them — pay or no pay — at the start. You 
will find that it is like the snowball that starts life in a small 
way, but grows rapidly as it moves. Remember that "noth- 
ing succeeds like success ;" and that ''to him that hath, shall 
be given." Start the ball moving at once, and before long 
you will see the results. Treat them all, rich and poor, young 
and old, and before long your name will become a household 
word in many families, and w^hen any one comes around com- 
plaining about this trouble or that, they w411 be recommended 

to ''go see Dr. , he cured father of his lame back, after 

all the Drug Doctors had pronounced him incurable, and then 
he raised old Mrs. Smith out of the bed for the first time in 
five years, and he cured Mrs. Brown's little Willie, and Dea- 
con Jones of chronic constipation in three treatments. He 
will fix you up in short time." And so on, each grateful pa- 
tient recommending you to some one else. 

Don't be afraid of taking chronic cases after the Drug 
Doctors have been unable to do anything with them. This is 
the very class that will be benefited by your treatments, and 
the harder the case, the more credit will you get. Drugs ac- 
complish nothing in these cases, and the Drug Doctors are at 
their wits' ends to know what to do with them. Osteopathy, 
being based on sound scientific principles, goes right to the 
cause of the trouble, and relieves it, and the symptom disap- 
pears by itself, the cause having been removed. 

In small towns, the average fee for Osteopathic treatment 
is $1.00, or $10 for twelve treatments; in the larger cities it is 



MAR 8 1902 



32 Osteopathy. 

$2.00 to $3.00 per treatment, the average arrangement being 
$25 for twelve treatments. When you reaHze how many pa- 
tients you can treat in a working day, you will see the won- 
derful possibilities in Osteopathy, for the right kind of man 
or woman. 

Now, we expect you to go in and win. We take an interest 
in the professional welfare of every one of our students, and 
our interest in them does not cease with the payment of the 
last installment of their tuition fees. We wish them to be a 
credit to their alma mater, and will always be pleased to hear 
of their successes. 

Remember, to succeed in any field of human endeavor it is 
necessary to have Courage, Confidence and Energy, and we 
again urge upon you to cast aside all fear and lack of confi- 
dence, and "clad in the armor of a righteous cause," go boldly 
forth to meet the hideous dragon of Disease, confident that 
with the good strong sword of Osteopathy you will smite him 
again and again until he lies before you mortally wounded. 
What man has done, you can do, and we expect great things 
of you. GO IN AND WIN ! ! ! 




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